1、21 世纪大学生读写教程第四册 Reading Aloud 汉英+课后翻译Unit 1If great achievers share anything,said Simonton,it is an unrelenting drive to succeed.”Theres a tendency to think they are endowed with something super-normal,”he explained.”But what comes out of the research is that ther are great people who have no amazin
2、g intellectual processes.Its a difference in degree.Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.”He cited Winston Churchill,Britains prime minister during World War,as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up.Thrust into office when his countrys morale was at
3、its lowest,Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,”We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end.We shall never surrender.”西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。 “人们往往认为他们天生具
4、有一些超常非凡的东西， ”他解释道。 “但研究结果表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。有的只是程度上的差异而已。伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。 ”他举出二战时期的英国首相温斯顿 丘吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。丘吉尔在全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台，并出色地领导了英国人民。在 1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中，他的话激励了全国人民， “我们绝不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底我们永远不会屈服。 ”1.Americans tend to define people by the jobs they do.Such characteristics as thei
5、r family and educational backgrounds are considered less important.美国人常以从事的工作来对人们进行划分。家庭和教育背景这些特点被认为是不太重要的。2.His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submitted his resignation.他决不妥协的个性是他再也无法容忍他的雇主，并最终递交了辞职书的原因。3.If you really want to lear
6、n English well,you must put in a lot of time and energy,or youll go nowhere.The same can be said of other subjects.如果你真想学好英语，你就必须投入大量的时间和精力，否则你就不会有任何进步。对于其他课程也可以这么说。4.Some actors fame is built on their innate beauty,but despite his short stature,Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acti
7、ng that sets him apart.有些演员的名声靠的是他们天生的美貌，但是达斯丁 霍夫曼尽管身材矮小，还是出类拔萃，而使他与众不同的正式他精湛的演技。5.After he took charge,we discovered that there were striking differences between him and his predecessor.He had the drive and passion,came up with many new ideas,and focused his work on how to raise our morale.他负责管理之后，
8、我们发现他的前任有明显的不同：他有干劲和激情，相处了很多新点子，并把工作重点放在如何鼓舞我们的士气上。6.Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared Chinas reform and opening-up policy.Despite tremendous obstacles,he made lasting contributions to our countrys modernization with his unrelenting efforts.当邓小平宣布中国改革开放政策的时候，他被永远载入了史册。尽管障碍重重，他以不懈的努力为我国的现代化
9、做出了永久性的贡献。7.Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with an average IQ?It has to be acknowledged that besides ones IQ,many other factors have much to do with ones achievements.为什么有人拥有天才级智商却被智商平平但很刻苦的人丢在后面？承认除了智商外，还有很多别的因素与一个人的成就有着很大的关系。8.This teacher is really remar
10、kable in motivating her students before she can teach them something.Its not that she is talented,its that she is obsessed with drawing their attention in class.这位教师真了不起，她能在教东西之前调动学生的积极性。这并不是因为她有天赋，而是因为她只想着在课堂上吸引他们的注意力。UNIT 2Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it w
11、ill not be welcome.A patient of mine,a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital,came back to thank his nurse.”I didnt come back sooner,”he explained,”because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you.”“On the contrary,”she replied,”I am delighted you came.Few realize how
12、much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it.”Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much.For on the smiles,the thanks we give,our little gestures of appreciation,our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.一些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。我的一个病人在出院几个星期后回到医
13、院感谢他的护士。 “我没有更早地回来， ”他解释说， “是因为我猜想你们对于人们的感激一定厌烦得要命。 ”“正好相反， ”她回答说， “我很高兴你来。很少有人意识到我们多么需要鼓励，我们从那些鼓励我们的人身上获得了多大的帮助。 ”我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。因为我们身边的人在构筑他们的人生哲学时所依据的正是这些微笑、我们所表示的感谢和我们表示欣赏的各种小小的示意动作。1.他瞪眼看着约翰，对他拒绝合作感到恼怒。He glared at John and was sore at his denial of cooperation.2.约翰真诚的讲话表达了他对那些在他处于困境时给过他慷慨帮助的人们
14、的感激之情。Johns sincere speech shows his gratitude to the people who rendered him generous help when he was in difficulty.3.他可说是一个集邮家。他曾经积蓄了两年去买一张珍邮这件事便是证明。He is something of a stamp collector.The fact that once he saved up for two years to buy a rare stamp is proof of it.4.这些玫瑰的美丽怎么评价也不过分。他们以各种方式吸引住了所有
15、的游客。The beauty of these roses could not be overstated.They took all the visitors fancy in one way or another.5.起先，他理所当然地认为该地区应当多造一些公路。然而仔细计算其费用后，他在作出最后决定前又不得不重新考虑了。At first he took it for granted that they should build more highways in this area.Then a careful calculation of the expenditure compelle
16、d him to think twice before he made the final decision.6.每次收到我的礼物，不过多少，我的朋友比尔绝不忘记表示感谢。Each time when receiving a gift from me,great or small,my friend Bill never fails to acknowledge it.7.那位新闻记者决定找到那对老夫妻心中提及的年轻人。那封信赞颂了年轻人为改善他们的生活条件而付出的努力。The journalist has decided to trace the young man referred to
17、in the old couples letter,which is a tribute to the young mans effort at making their living conditions more agreeable.8.虽然他厌烦了那些每天上面来吹嘘其产品的推销员，但他克制着没有将他们拒之门外。Though he was fed up with the salesman who knocked at his door and boasted about their products every day,he refrained from slamming the door
18、 in their face.UNIT 3The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it.The saying,”When the going gets tough,the tough get going,”is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving.No matter what the problem is,or the techniques available for solving it,the frame work produced by ou
19、r Western way of thinking is fight.Dr.de Bono calls this vertical thinking:the traditional,sequential,Aristotelian thinking of logic,moving firmly from one step to the next,like toy blocks being built one on top of the other.The flaw is,of course,that if at any point one of the steps is not reached,
20、or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed,then the whole structure collapses.Impasse is reached,and frustration,tension,feeling of fight take over.Lateral thinking,Dr.de Bono says,is a new technique of thinking about thingsa technique that avoids this fight altogether,and solves the problem in
21、an entirely unexpected fashion.Lateral thinking sounds simple.And it is.Once you have solved a problem laterally,you wonder how you could ever have been bung up on it.The key is making that vital shift in emphasis,that sidestepping of the problem,instead of attacking it head-on.Dr.A.A.Bridger,psychi
22、atrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York,explains how lareral thinking works with his patients,”Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking,for instance,”he says.”Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves.No,I will not s
23、moke;no ,I shall not smoke;no,I will not;no,I cannot.”Its a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more.“So instead of looking at the problem from the old way of no,and fighting it,I show them a whole new point of viewthat you are your bodys keeper,and your body is something through which you
24、experience life.If you stop to think about it,theres really something helpless about your body.It can do nothing for itself.It has no choice,it is like a babys body.You begin then a whole new way of looking at itI am going to take care of myself some respect and protectiong,by not smoking.”一般西方人解决问题
25、的方法是与之搏斗。 “事情越困难，硬汉子就越向前” 这句话便代表了这种解决问题的积极进取的态度。不管是什么问题，或者可以用来解决问题的方法是什么，我们西方人的思维方式产生的基本思路总是搏斗。德博诺博士称之为纵向思维；即传统的、按顺序的、亚里士多德式的逻辑思维，坚定地从一步移到下一步，就象玩具积木一块搭在另一块上。当然，它们的缺陷是，如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到，或者一块积木没有放对，那么整个结构就会坍塌。事情就会陷入僵局，沮丧、紧张、和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。 横向思维，德博诺博士说，是对事物进行思考的一种新方法- 一种完全避免这种拼搏，用完全出人意料的方式解决问题的方法。 在歇洛克福尔摩斯
26、的一个探案中，他的助手华生医生指出有条狗对案子并不重要，因为这条狗看来一无所为。歇洛克福尔摩斯持相反的观点，他坚持认为这条狗一无所为这一事实至关重要，因为它应该有所为，正是在这个基础上他侦破了这个案子。 横向思维听上去很简单。它也的确很简单。一旦你横向地解决了一个问题，你就会奇怪你以前怎么竟会为它心神不宁。关键是作出那个重要的重点转移，横跨一步，避开问题，而不是正面去解决它。 在纽约私人开业的哥伦比亚大学的精神病学家 AA布里杰博士阐述了横向思维对他的病人们如何有用。 “比方说，很多想戒烟的人来找我， “大多 ”他说。数人在他们试图戒烟时都失败了，因为他们最后总对自己说， 不，我决不吸烟了；不
27、，我不该吸烟了；不，我决不吸了；不，我不能 .这是一场搏斗，结果是你吸得更多。 ” “所以我不再让他们用这种老的否定方式来看待这一问题并与之搏斗，而是向他们展示了一个全新的视角-你是你身体的看护人，你是通过你的身体来体验生活的。如果你认真思考一下，你就会发现你的身体的确有一些无能为力的东西。它丝毫不能自理。它没有选择，就象一个婴儿的身体。于是你就开始用全新的方式来看待它-现在我将通过戒烟来照顾自己，给自己一 些尊重和保护。1.汤姆因一问题而心神不宁但又一筹莫展，直到他学会以不同的策略把它解决才不心烦。Tom was hung up on the problem but could do not
28、hing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.2.横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎已走进死胡同的新理论。Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory that seemed to have reached a dead end.3.我们最新的建设计划的框架已获得地方政府的批准。它是否会按时实施对这座沿海城市的发展具有极为重大的意义。The local government has affirmed the framework of our lat
29、est construction plan.Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of the coastal city.4.在设法寻找一个解决问题的方法的过程中，爱德华在思想上陷入了僵局，但后来他改变了观察角度，以一种完全意想不到的方式解决了问题。While trying to find a solution to the problem,Edward reached an impasse in his thinking,but later he chan
30、ged his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.5.许多人认为计算机机房将最终取代图书馆，想吸收新知识的学生最终将在计算机机房里学习一切。Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over the labraries and students who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everthing in the computer lab
31、.6.昨天他的汽车几乎是迎头撞上了一辆卡车。如果他继续这样随便开车，我确信他最后一定会被送进医院的急症室。His car crashed into a truck almost head-on yesterday.If he does not stop driving so carelessly,I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of hospital.7.这副画的结构设计有一个缺点。你为什么不擦掉那几条垂直线，把它简化一点呢？There is a flaw in the design of the structure of the
32、 painting.Why dont you erase the vertical lines and simplify it a little bit?8.约翰本该在很久以前就把烟戒掉了。毕竟健康对每个人来说都是最重要的。John should have given up smoking a long time ago.After all,health is of the utmost importance to everybody.UNIT 4When a students work did not measure up to the teachers experience,as ofte
33、n happened,the student was not treated with disappointment,anger,or annoyance.Instead,the teacher assumed that this was an exception,an accident,a bad day,a momentary slipand the student believed her and felt reassured.The next time around,he tried harder,determined to live up to what the teacher kn
34、ew he could do.The exact part of communication that tells a child,”I expect the best,”is difficult to pinpoint.In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance,a lack of verbal impatience,an absence of negative qualities such as irony,put-downs,and irritation.The teacher who expects the best as
35、ks her questions with conviction,knowing the answers she gets will be right,and the child picks up that conviction.某个学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、愤怒或恼怒。相反，老师认为这是一次例外，一件偶然的事情，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。很难精确地确定老师传达的信息：“我期待着最好的成绩， ”中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子。它的一部分包括显示信心的平和语调，言语
36、上的耐心，及没有讽刺、贬低和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。1.学校应避免仅按学生考试成绩来判别孰优孰劣并以此对待他们。相反，好的教育体制应使每一位学生都能达到良好的水准，成为全面发展的人。Schools should avoid deciding who are superior only in terms of the studentsexam results and treating them accordingly.Instead,a good educational system should enabl
37、e every student to measure up to good standards as well-rounded people.2.大学生课后有问题时，往往在办公时间之外不容易找到老师。这是由于老师繁忙的学术研究，而不是他们对学生漠不关心。As often as not,when college students have questions after class,their teachers are not readily available except during office hours.This is due to the teachersbusy academic
38、 research,rather than their indifference to the students.3.这个班级由 40名学生组成，他们中大部分按英语水平过去常被归在中等之列。但由于这位老师从不在言辞中表露出不耐烦，学生们对他的教学方法产生了积极的反应，从而没有辜负他的期望。This class consists of forty students,most of whom used to be labeled average in terms of English level.But as this teacher has never shown any verbal impa
39、tience,the students have reacted positively to his teaching methods and lived up to his expectations.4.在美国，教书变得越来越难了，部分原因是学生越来越多样的种族背景以及需要另外培训才能掌握的更为复杂的教学技术。Teaching is becoming increasingly demanding in the United States,due in part to the diversity of students racial background and the complexity
40、of educational technologies that require additional training.5.英国人经常被归类为保守型，显然这一归类带有成见。实际上，英国在满足特性方面与其他欧洲国家相比并没有太大的差异。英国人有礼貌，爱整洁，讲秩序，充满自信。The English are,as often as not,labeled conservative.Obviously this label is prejudiced.In reality,Britain is not very different from other European countries in
41、terms of national characteristics.They are polite,neat,orderly and confident.6.有些年轻人在成长过程中有着要求独立的强烈愿望。他们宁可通过自己的努力来渡过生活中的困难，也不愿意带着负罪感求助于他们的父母。Some young people grow up with a strong desire for independence.They would rather try hard themselves to go through life than turn to their parents for help wi
42、th a sense of guilt.7.你的朋友对你非常真诚，你也应该同样以诚相待，绝不应该欺骗他，或者带着讽刺的口吻谈论他的挫折。Your friend treats you sincerely,so you should respond accordingly and mustnt deceive him or talk about his setbacks with irony.8.邻居们恼火的愿意是他们发出的嗓音，但是由于他们一再保证夜间停工，从而得以完成这套公寓的装潢。The neighbors irritationannoyance was due to the noise t
43、hey made.However,because of their reassurances thar they would stop working at night,they went through with the decoration of this apartment.UNIT5我经常思考阅读为我打开的新境界。我当时在狱中就知道，阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。今天看来，阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于思想活跃的渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位，那只是大学赋予学生地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每多读一本书就更深切地意识到正在给美国黑人带来苦难的视听不明和有口难言。不久前
44、，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题。其中一个问题是， “你的母校是哪所学校？” 我告诉他， “是书本。 ”在任何一个空闲的十五分钟里，你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西.1.正如你可以想像到的，阅读为我打开了一个新的天地并永远改变了我的人生道路。As you can imagine, reading has opened a new world to me and changed forever the course of my life.2.他从童年起就对书籍表现出一种非常强烈的兴趣。他对书籍如此迷恋，以致从不让一天过去而不进行一些阅读。He had demonstra
45、ted an unusually intense interest in books since childhood. So fascinated with books was he that he never let a day pass without doing some reading.3.他每次乘地铁上下班身边都有一本想读的书。他就这样在过去三年中读了近一百本书。Every time he takes the subway to and from work, he has with him a book that he wants to read. That is the way h
46、e has read nearly a hundred books in the past three years.4.他读中学时常在自己的房间里读书至深夜。每次听到母亲走近的脚步声，他便关掉灯假装睡着。而母亲一走过去，他便打开灯，重又读起来。When he was in high school, he used to read deep/far into the night in his own room. Each time he heard the approaching footsteps of his mother, he would turn off the light and f
47、eigned sleep. But as soon as his mother passed, he would turn on the light and begin reading again.5.几乎没有什么关于中国的东西是他不感到好奇的。为了满足自己的好奇心他已决定亲自到那儿去尽量多看一些。There is hardly anything about China hes not curious about. And to satisfy his curiosity he has decided to go there in person to see as much as he can
48、.6.我不知道是什么使得你儿子羡慕那位流行歌手并试图事事模仿他的。你还是问问他本人好了。I dont know/ I have little/no idea what made your son envy that pop singer and try to emulate him in everything. You might as well ask him in person.7.他从图书馆一借到那本书就在走廊的灯光下飞快地把它翻了一遍。As soon as he checked out the book from the library, he thumbed through its
49、pages by the corridor light.8.我认为没有哪个人在农村学到的比我更多。实际上，农村的三年使我比进某个大学学习得更深入细致。I dont think anybody ever learned more in the countryside than I did. In fact, those three years in the countryside enabled me to study far intensively than I would have if I had attended some college.UNIT 6EQ is not the opposite of IQ.Some people are blessed with a lot of both,some with little of either.What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other;how ones ability to handle sress,for instance,affects the ability to co
