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教育心理学基本术语汉英对照.doc

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1、1教育心理学基本术语汉英对照总 论学派、学说、学科S-O-R:stimulus-organism-response;S-R:stimulus-response;变态心理学:abnormal psychology ;差异心理学:differential psychology;场心理学:field psychology;德育心理:psychology of moral education;发展理论:developmental ;格式塔心理学:Gestalt psychology;个体心理学:individual psychology;构造主义:structuralism;关系转换说:transpo

2、sition theory;官能心理学:faculty psychology ;环境论:environmentalism;机能主义:functionalism ;激进建构主义:Radical constructivism;建构主义:constructivism ;教师心理:psychology of teacher;教学心理学:instructional psychology;教育心理学:educational psychology;教育语言学:educational linguistics;经验概括说(亦称“经验泛化说” ):theory of experience generalizati

3、on;精神分析:psychoanalysis ;联结主义:connectionism;联想心理学:association psychology; 内省主义:introspectionism;情境性学习:situated learning; 人本主义心理学:humanistic psychology;人格理论:personality theories;人格心理学:psychology of personality ;认知心理学:cognitive psychology;认知行为理论:theories of cognition-behaviorism;认知与组织论:cognitive-organi

4、zational theories;社会建构主义:Social constructivism;社会学习理论:social learning theory ;生理心理学:physiological psychology;实验心理学:experimental psychology ;数学教学心理学:psychology of mathematics teaching;相同要素说:identical elements theory;心理学派:school of psychology ;心理语言学:psycholinguistics;信息加工的建构主义:information-processing c

5、onstructivism;行为科学:behavior sciences;行为与联想论:behavioral-associationist theories;行为主义:behaviorism; 形式训练说:theory of formal discipline;学科教学心理学:psychology of subjects teaching;学习的信息加工模型:information processing models of learning;学习理论(学习论):theories of learning;心理学一般概念保持:retention;表象:image;抽象思维:abstract thi

6、nking;催眠术:hypnotism;错觉:illusion ;大脑皮层:cerebral cortex; 发散思维:divergent thinking ;分析:analysis;感觉:sensation;感觉适应:sensory adaptation;感情:feeling;个性:individuality;2归纳推理:inductive reasoning;回忆:recall;鸡尾酒会现象:cocktail-part phenomenon;集中思维:convergent thinking;记忆:memory;焦虑:anxiety;具体思维:concrete thinking;可逆性图形(

7、双关图):reversible figure;类比思维:analogical thinking;类比推理:analogical reasoning;气质:temperament;情调:sentimental tone ;情感:affect;情绪:emotion;全或无定律:all-or-none law;人格:personality;人工智能:artificial intelligence;思维:thinking;随意注意:voluntary attention;态度:attitude ;统觉团:apperception mass;先天愚型:mongolism ;想象:imagination;

8、性格:character ;演绎推理:deductive reasoning;遗忘:forgetting;意识:consciousness;意识过程:consciousness processes;意识阈:consciousness threshold;再认:recognition;知觉:perception;综合:synthesis;神经元:neuron;心理(的):psychology 、mind、mental;心理学研究方法与技术变量:variable;变量间交互作用:interaction between variables;操作定义:operational definition;刺激

9、-反应研究:S-R research;道德两难情境:moral dilemmas;调查表:inventories;调查法:survey method;反应-反应研究:R-R research ;个案研究法:case-study method;观察法:observational method;横向研究:cross-sectional research;霍桑效应:Hawthrone effect;基础科学研究:basic-science research ;假设:hypothesis;交谈法:interview method;控制联想:controlled association;控制组:cont

10、rol group;迷津:maze ;迷箱:puzzle box;描述性研究:descriptive research;内省:introspection;潜伏学习实验:latent-learning experiment;实验法:experimental method;实验室实验法:laboratory experimental method;实验组:experimental group;投射技术:projective techniques;外推的基础科学研究:extrapolated basic-science research;问卷:questionnaires;无意义音节:nonsens

11、e syllable; 相关研究:correlational research;学习曲线:learning curve;因变量:dependent variable;因果关系:cause-and-effect relationships;因素分析:factor analysis ;中介变量:intervening ;自变量:independent variable;自然实验:natural experiment;自由联想:free association;纵向研究:longitudinal research;3发 展 心 理 与 个 别 差 异发展心理安全依恋:secure attachmen

12、t;成年期:adulthood ;成熟:maturation;惩罚与服从定向:punish-obedience orientation;代沟:generation gap;道德判断:moral judgment;动作式表征:enactive representation;儿童期:childhood ;发展:development;法律与秩序定向:law and order orientation;繁衍对停滞:generativity versus stagnation;符号式表征:symbolic representation ;感知运动阶段:sensori-motor stage ;工具性-

13、相对论者定向(亦称 “朴素的利己主义定向” ):instrumental-relativist orientation;关键期:critical period;好孩子定向(亦称“使他人愉快和帮助他人定向” ):good boy/nice girl orientation;后习俗水平:post-conventional level;回避依恋:avoidance attachment; 焦虑依恋:anxious attachment;具体运算阶段:concrete operational stage;可逆性:reversibility;狼孩:feral children;恋父情结:Electra

14、complex;恋母情结:Oedipus complex;普遍的道德原则定向:universal ethical principle orientation;契约性墨守法规定向:contractual legalistic orientation;前习俗水平:pre-conventional level;前运算阶段:preoperational stage;亲密对孤独:intimacy versus isolation;勤奋对自卑:industry versus inferiority;青春期:puberty ;青年期:adolescence;权威父母:authoritative parent

15、s;群集:grouping;少年期:preadolescence;守恒:conservation ;双重建构:double construction;顺应:accommodation;他律道德:heteronomy morality;胎儿期:fetus period;同化:assimilation;同一性:identify;同一性对角色混乱:identify versus confusion;同一性混乱:identify confusion;同一性危机:identify crisis;图式:schema;吸吮反射:sucking reflex ;习得的性格:acquired character

16、;习俗水平:conventional level;肖像式表征:iconic representation ;信任对不信任:trust versus mistrust;形式运算阶段:formal operational stage;性成熟:sex maturation;性心理发展:psychosexual development; 依恋:attachment ;婴儿期:infancy;友谊模式:friendship patterns;幼儿期:preschool period;运算:operations;主动对内疚:initiative versus guilt;抓握反射:grasp reflex

17、;专制父母:authoritarian parents;自律道德:autonomous morality;自我完善对失望:integrity versus despair;自主对羞怯或怀疑:autonomy versus shame and doubt;4个别差异A 型性格:style A character;B 型性格:style B character ;场独立性:field independence ;场依存性:field dependence;成绩不足:underachievement;成绩超常:overachievement;成熟迟滞:maturational lag;冲动性认知方式

18、(冲动型):impulsive cognitive style;发展迟滞:developmental delay;反省性认知方式(沉思型):reflective cognitive style;个别差异:individual differences;孤僻症(孤独症):autism;活动过度:hyperactivity;计算障碍:dyscalculia ;晶体智力:crystallized intelligence;流畅性:fluency;流动智力:fluid intelligence ;慢速学习者:slow learner;能力:ability ;能力倾向:aptitude;轻度智力迟钝:mi

19、ld mental retardation;情绪智力(往往被错译为“情商” ):emotional intelligence;缺陷学生:handicapped students;认知方式:cognitive style;失语症:aphasia;书写障碍:dysgraphia;特殊儿童:exceptional children;习得的性能(亦称“习得的素质” ):learned capabilities;性别差异:sex differences;学习成绩不良者:underachiever;学习成绩优秀者:overachiever;学习方式:learning style;学习能力缺失:learni

20、ng disabilities;学习障碍:learning handicapped;严重智力落后:profound mental retardation;智力:intelligence;智力落后:mental retardation;学 习 心 理学习论与学习类别策略性知识:strategy knowledge ;产生式:production; 陈述性知识:declarative knowledge;程序性知识:procedural knowledge;顿悟式学习:insight learning ;发现学习:discovery learning ;符号学习:sign learning;归纳学

21、习:inductive learning;合作学习:cooperative learning;机械学习:rote learning;接受学习:reception learning ;默会知识:tacit knowledge;启发式教学:heuristic method;启发:elicitation;生成学习:generative learning;试误式学习:trial-and-error learning;探究性学习:inquiry learning;同化论:assimilation theory;显性知识:explicit knowledge;学会学习:learning to learn学

22、习:learning;研究性学习(国外心理学中无与之对应的术语,只是有几个概念与我国学者所指的研究性学习含义相近。一是以问题为基础的学习(problem-based learning;二是以项目为基础的学习(project-based learning;三是探究学习(inquiry learning):research learning(我国常有人这样翻译) ;有意义学习(亦称“意义学习” ):meaningful learning;有意义言语学习理论:meaningful verbal learning theory;自主学习:self-regulated learning;5条件反应学习辨

23、别:discrimination; 操作条件反射:operant conditioned 操作条件作用:operant conditioning;刺激:stimulus;刺激辨别(亦称“刺激分化” ):stimulus discrimination;反射:reflex ;反应:response ;反应辨别(亦称“反应分化” ):response discrimination;经典条件反射:classical conditioned reflex;经典条件作用:classical conditioning;去习惯化:dishabituation;生物反馈:biofeedback;条件反射:con

24、ditioned reflex;无条件反射:unconditioned reflex;消退:extinction ;兴奋与抑制:excitation and inhibition;厌恶疗法:aversive therapy;思维水平学习背景命题:background proposition;背景命题:background proposition;背诵:recite;编码:coding;编码系统:coding system;表现(又译为“作业” 、 “操作” ):performance;表征:representational;并列结合学习(亦称“ 结合学习” ):combinatorial le

25、arning;侧向迁移:lateral transfer;侧向迁移:lateral transfer;长时记忆:long-term memory;长时记忆:long-term memory;常规性问题:routine problem;创造性:creativity;创造性思维计划:Productive Thinking Program;从具体到抽象:from concrete to abstract;代表性学习(亦称“表征学习” ):representational learning; 倒摄抑制:retroactive inhibition;定势(亦称“心向” ):set;定义不明确的问题:il

26、l-defined problem;定义明确的问题:well-defined problem;定义性概念:defined concept;短时记忆(亦称“工作记忆”:work memory):short-term memory;顿悟:insight ;发散思维(亦称“求异思维” ):divergent thinking;反例:negative instance;反思:reflection;范型:paradigm;复述:rehearsal;复述策略:rehearsal strategies ;复习:review;概念:concept ;概念同化:concept assimilation;概念形成

27、:concept formation;概念学习:concept learning;感觉记忆(亦称“瞬时记忆” ):sensory memory;感觉记忆:sensory memory;高明的新手:intelligent novice;功能固着:function fixedness;共同编码:common coding;共同成分:common components;关键特征(亦称“定义属性” ):critical feature;官能心理学:faculty psychology ;过度学习(亦称“超额学习” 、 “过量学习” ):over learning;6机遇推理:opportunistic

28、 reasoning;集中思维(亦称“辐合思维” ):convergent thinking;解决问题(亦称“问题解决” ):problem solving;近因效应:recency effect;精细加工:elaboration ;精细加工策略:elaboration strategies;具体概念:concrete concept;科学概念:scientific concept;可分离强度:dissociability strength;可利用阈限:threshold of availability;课文结构图式:text structure schema;类别(亦称“类目” 、 “范畴”

29、 ):category;类属学习:subsumptive learning;类属者:subsumer;类属作用:subsumption ;命题:proposition;命题学习:propositional learning;目标期望:goal-expectancy;目标意向:goal-image ;内化:internalization;内向:introversion;难定义概念:ill-defined concept;逆向迁移:retroactive transfer;派生类属作用:derivative subsumption;配对联想学习:paired-associate learning;

30、平行加工:parallel processing;起固定作用的观念:anchoring idea;迁移:transfer;前摄抑制:proactive inhibition;情节记忆:episodic memory ;认知:cognition;认知策略:cognitive strategies;认知地图:cognition map ;认知过程:cognition processes ;认知结构:cognition structure;日常概念:daily concept ;上位学习:superordinate learning;手段-目的分析:means-end analysis;首因效应:p

31、rimary effect;熟练操作:skilled performance;顺向迁移:proactive transfer ;条件-活动:condition-action ;推理规则:rules of inference;外向:extroversion;问题空间:problem space;问题情境命题:problem setting proposition;系列位置效应:serial position effect;下位学习:subordinate learning;相关类属作用:correlative subsumption;相互作用:interaction;相同要素:identical

32、 elements;心理表征:mental representation ;心理练习:mental practice;学习定势:learning set;学习取向:learning approach;译码:decoding;易定义概念:well-defined concept;意象系统:imagery system;有意义学习心向:meaningful learning set;语义记忆:semantic memory; 预习:preview;元认知(亦称“反省认知” ):metacognition;元认知策略:metacognitive strategy;运动技能(亦称“动作技能” ):mo

33、tor skill;正例(亦称“肯定例证):positive instance;直觉:intuition;指导程序:direction program;属性:attribute;自定步速(或译为“自我调节” ):selfpaced;自发性策略:self-generated strategies;自上而下加工:top-down processing;自下而上加工:bottom-up processing;自由回忆学习:free-recall learning;纵向迁移:vertical transfer;组块:chunking;7组织策略:organization strategies;8品德与

34、行为习惯的形成“镇静剂”效应:sleeper effect;道德的相对性(亦称“道德的可塑性” ):moral relativism;道德感:moral sense ;道德性:morality ;道德准则(亦称“道德标准” 、 “道德规范” ):codes of ethics;观察学习(亦称“社会学习”:social learning、 “替代学习”:vicarious learning):observational learning;价值辨析:value clarification;价值观:values;抗诱惑:resistance to temptation;利他主义:altruism;模

35、仿学习:imitation learning;亲历学习:enactive learning;青少年犯罪:juvenile delinquency;认知不协调:cognitive dissonance;认知协调:cognitive consonance;荣誉感:sense of honor;社会学习:social learning;态度学习:attitude learning;替代学习:vicarious learning;移情:empathy;义务感:sense of duty;言语与语言学习表层结构:surface structure;错别字心理:psychology of ghost wo

36、rds;电报式句子(亦称“电报式语言” ):telegraphic sentence;发展性阅读:developmental reading;功能性阅读(亦称“工作型阅读” ):functional reading;句子理解策略:comprehension strategy of sentence;内部言语:internal speech;深层结构:deep structure;识汉字心理:psychology of reading Chinese characters;双语:bilingualism;双语教育:bilingual education;外部言语:external speech;

37、 外语能力倾向:foreign language aptitude;写字心理:psychology of writing;写作能力缺失:writing disability;言语:speech;语词情境效应(亦称“ 语词上下文义影响” ):verbal-context effect;语感:tongue-sensibility;语文能力:linguistic and literature ability;语言:language ;语言能力:linguistic competence;语言冗余度:redundancy in language;语言习得装置:language acquisition

38、device;语言运用:linguistic performance;语义泛化:semantic generalization;阅读倒置:reading reversals ;阅读困难:dyslexia;阅读心理:psychology of reading;转换语法(亦称“转换-生成语法 ”:transformational-generative grammar):transformational grammar;作文心理:psychology of composition;知觉、动作技能学习辨别反应时:discrimination reaction time;不连续运动技能:discrete

39、 motor skill;部分练习:part practice;多重反应学习:multiple response learning;9反应时:reaction time;复杂反应时:complex reaction time;高原期:plateau;简单反应时:simple reaction time;精细运动技能:fine motor skill;镜画:mirror drawing;连续运动技能:continuous motor skill;练习:practice;内隐练习:covert practice;逆向连锁作用:backward chaining;顺向连锁作用:forward cha

40、ining;外显练习:overt practice;选择反应时:choice reaction time;运动技能(亦称“心因运动技能”:psychomotor skill):motor skill;运动技能学习的联系阶段:associative phase of motor skill leaning;运动技能学习的认知阶段:cognitive phase of motor skill learning;运动技能学习的自动化阶段:autonomous phase of motor skill learning;运动能量:motor capacity ;整体练习:whole practice;

41、准备动作效应(亦称“预热效应” ):warm-up effect;教 学 心 理学习动机5R 笔记法:Record(记录) ;Reduce(简化) ;Recite(背诵) ;Reflect(反思) ;Review(复习) ;PQ4R 阅读学习法:Preview (预习) ;Question(问题) ;Read(阅读) ;Reflect(反思) ;Recite(背诵) ;Review(复习) ;SQ3R 阅读策略:Survey (浏览、概览) ;Question(问题、提问) ;Read(阅读);Recite(背诵、复述) ;Review(复习) ;安全需要:safety needs;比率强化程

42、式:ratio schedules of reinforcement;避免失败的动机:motivation to avoid failure;变比率强化程式:variable ratio schedules of reinforcement;变时距强化程式:variable interval schedules of reinforcement;成就动机作用(亦称“成就动机” ):achievement motivation;成就动机作用论:theory of achievement motivation;成就归因:achievement attribution;惩罚:punishment;低

43、成就需要者:low-need achievor;定比率强化程式:fixed interval schedules of reinforcement; 定时距强化程式:fixed interval schedules of reinforcement;动机:motive ;动机作用(亦称“动机的形成” ):motivation;动机作用论:motivational theories;非连续强化程式:intermittent schedules of reinforcement;分化性强化:differential reinforcement;负强化:negative reinforcement;

44、负强化物:negative reinforcer;附属内驱力:affiliative drive;概括化强化物:generalized reinforcer;高成就需要者:high-need achievor;归属需要:belonging needs;好奇心内激发与维持学习动机的“ARCS 模型”:A(attention,注意) 、R(relevance ,贴切性) 、C(confidence,自信心) 、S(satisfaction,满足) ;间时强化程式:interval schedules of 10reinforcement;奖励:reward;交往需要:need for affili

45、ation;冷认知:coal cognitive ;连续强化程式:continuous schedules of reinforcement;目标导向:goal orientation;内部动机作用(亦称“内在动机” 、 “内源性动机” ):intrinsic motivation;内部奖励:intrinsic reward ;内驱力(亦称“驱力” ):drive;内驱力降低说:drive-reduction theory;派生的地位:derived status;普雷马克原理:Premacks principle;强化:reinforcement ;强化程式:schedules of rei

46、nforcement;强化物:reinforcer ;驱力:curiosity drive;驱力说:drive theory;缺失性需要:deficiency needs;热认知:hot cognitive ;认知内驱力:cognitive drive ;生长需要:growth needs;生存需要:survival needs;生理需要:physiological needs;替代强化:vicarious reinforcement;外部动机作用(亦称“外在动机” 、 “外源性动机” ):extrinsic motivation ;外部奖励:extrinsic reward;习得性自弃(亦称

47、“习得性失助” ):learned helplessness;象征物经济(亦称“代币经济“):token economy;效果律:law of effect ;兴趣:interest;激发与维持学习动机的“TARGETT 模型”:T(task,任务) 、A(autonomy,自主) 、R(recognized,认可) 、G(grouping,分组) 、E(evaluation ,评价) 、T (time ,时间) 、T(teacher expectations,教师的期望) ;需求:demand;需要:needs ;需要层次:hierarchy of needs;赢得的地位:earned st

48、atus;诱因:incentive;诱因论:incentive theory;正强化:positive reinforcement;正强化物:positive reinforcer;旨在成功的目标:success-oriented goals;准备律:law of readiness;自我实现:self-actualization;自我提高内驱力:ego-enhancement drive;自我图式:self-schema;自我效能感:self-efficacy;最佳刺激作用假设:optimal stimulation hypothesis;尊重需要:esteem needs;教学目标、教学原

49、理不断分化(亦称“逐渐分化” ):progressive differentiation;布卢姆的目标分类学:Blooms taxonomy of objectives;高级规则:high-order rules ;规则:rule ;加涅的学习结果分类:Gagnes types of learning outcomes;教学过程流程图:flow chart of instructive process;能力倾向与教学处理的交互作用:aptitude treatment interaction;强化原理:principle of reinforcement;情感分类学:affective taxonomy;认知分类学:cognitive taxonomy;任务分析:task analysis ;心因动作分类学:psychomotor taxonomy;言语信息:verbal information;掌握学习:mastery learning;11智慧技能:intellectual skills;准备(亦称“准备性” ):readiness;综合贯通(亦称“整合协调” ):integrative reconciliation;最近发展区:proximal zone;( 或:zone of proximal development);教学方法、教学技术、教学管理比较性组织者:

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