1、A Brief History of English,Paul Roberts,What factors do you think contribute to the evolution of a language? social development cultural exchange(invasion),Text,Is it a piece of narrative expository OR argumentative writing?,Text,No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory with
2、out a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the high spots.,No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language.no/not/n
3、ever.without No one can succeed without working hard. I cannot see this picture without thinking of my father. He never goes to a bookstore without buying some books.,We shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the high spots.( par
4、a. 1) make do with/make (it) do: manage with something that is not really adequate or satisfactory 用(某物)设法应付我们时间很紧，只好胡乱吃了顿小吃。 We were in a hurry so we had to make do with a quick snack.hit the high spots: to focus or touch on the most important points or things 走马观花，提纲挈领,Not much is surely known abo
5、ut the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in England. We do know, however, that they were a long time securing themselves in England. Fighting went on for as long as a hundred years before the Celts in England were all killed, driven into Wales, or reduced to slavery. By 550 or so the Anglo-Saxons were fir
6、mly established. English was in England.(Para. 3),0. Anglo-Saxons were established in England,they were a long time securing themselves in England. He helped her close the cases up, and then he secured the canvas straps as tight as they would go. They said it was their responsibility to do what they
7、 could to secure the educational success of their sons.,Fighting went on. before the Celts were all killed, driven into Wales or reduced to slavery. They were reduced to extreme poverty. All the buildings in the town have been reduced to rubble. The attentions of the media reduced her to tears. I ca
8、n still be reduced to misty-eyed babbling when recalling the fantastical charms of Brooks production. Compare: Dosages must be slowly reduced to minimize withdrawal symptoms, and some people have a temporary uptick in depression.,By 550 or so the Anglo-Saxons were firmly established. When Lowe went
9、there in 1991, his status as an iconic climber was well established but his personal life was a shambles. The belief that people should not be forced to stay in bad marriages was firmly established among our policy- and opinion-makers.,0-1. Three Periods,It is customary to divide the history of the
10、English language into three periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. Old English runs from the earliest records i.e. seventh century to about 1100; Middle English from 1100 to 1450 or 1500; Modern English from 1500 to the present day.,0-1. Three Periods,It is cutomary to divide the
11、history of the English language into three periods. (para. 4)It is customary to offer a drink or a snack to guests.Yvonne took her customary seat behind her desk.,0-1. Three Periods,Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.,Typical examples of English in the three periods,An example of Middle
12、English by Chaucer.,Hamlets famous “To be, or not to be“ lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.,Typical examples of English in the three periods,When England came into history, it was divided into several more or less autonomous kingdoms, some of which at times exercised a certain am
13、ount of control over the others. In the sixth century the most advanced kingdom, Northumbria, developed a respectable civilization, the finest in EuropeIn the eighth century, Northumbrian power declined and the power moved southward to Mercia, the kingdom of Midlands. A century later, the power shif
14、ted again, and Wessex, the country of the West Saxons, became the leading power.,1. Early English,autonomous kindoms auto- automobile, autograph, autobiography, autohypnosisauto industry, auto dealer, auto racing, etc. .some of which at times exercised a certain amount of control over the others. Th
15、ey are merely exercising their right to free speech. Britain has warned travellers to exercise prudence and care.,1. Early English,The most famous king of the West Saxons was Alfred the Great, whose military accomplishment was his successful opposition to the Viking invasionsThe linguistic result wa
16、s a considerable injection of Norse into the English language. Norse was at this time not so different from English as Norwegian or Danish is now. Probably speakers of English could understand, more or less, the language of the newcomers who had moved into eastern England. At any rate, there was con
17、siderable interchange and word borrowingThese words.in the course of hundreds of years made their way into the English language.,1. Early English,These words.in the course of hundreds of years made their way into the English language. When your child cant make his way into a group he wants to be par
18、t of, he may end up falling in with the wrong crowd.Its difficult for these cases to make their way into the medical literature.Although interactive learning has begun to make its way into music classrooms , we have few professional models to help us understand the teachers role in this new instruct
19、ional setting,In grammar, Old English was much more highly inflected than modern English is. That is, there were more case endings for nouns, more person and number endings for verbs, a more complicated pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Present-day English has only two cases
20、 for nouns common case and possessive case. Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use a more rigid word order and more structure words to express relationships than Old English did.,1. Early English,Features of Early English,1. In grammar, Old English is much more high
21、ly inflected than modern English. Inflection: the modification of a word to express different grammatical categoriestense(callcalled) person (walkwalks) number (dogdogs) gender, etc.,More about Inflection,The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can s
22、tand by itself as a word), and abound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word “cars“ is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme “car“ is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while
23、the suffix “s“ is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word “cars“.,.we now use a more rigid word order and more structure words to express relationships than Old English did. Several colleges in our study have rigid rules about student condu
24、ct. flexible She was a fairly rigid person who had strong religious views.,In vocabulary, most of the Old English words are what we may call native English: that is, words which have not been borrowed from other languages but which have been a part of English ever since English was a part of Indo-Eu
25、ropean. Old English did certainly contain borrowed words. We have seen that many borrowings were coming in from Norse. Rather large numbers had been borrowed from Latin.Some of these were taken while Anglo-Saxons were still on the Continent (cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, etc.). But the great major
26、ity of Old English words were native English. Now, on the contraryonly about 14 percent are native.,Features of Early English,2. In vocabulary, Old English is quite different from modern English. a. Most of the Old English words are native English. b. Besides borrowings from Norse, large numbers wer
27、e borrowed from Latin. Now, 14% are native.,2. Middle English,Political event: Norman ConquestWho? When?What? In 1066, led by Duke William, the Normans crossed the Channel and made themselves masters of England.,A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a membe
28、r of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.,2. Middle English,Sometime between the years 1000 and 1200 various important changes took place in the structure of English, and Old English became Middle English. The political event which facilitated these changes was the Norman Co
29、nquest. In 1066, led by Duke William, the Normans crossed the Channel and made themselves masters of England. For the next several hundred years, England was ruled by kings whose first language was French.,The political event which facilitated the changes was the Norman Conquest. Skype, and phoning,
30、 if necessary, greatly facilitate regular communication between program staff and student teachers.The site provides teacher resources, including a topic library, and reports to facilitate assessment of student participation.,2. Middle English,What immediate changes was brought by the Norman Conques
31、t? What do you know about the Normans? Did English remain the national language? Why?,2. Middle English,French became the language of the court, the language of the nobility, the language of polite society, the language of literature. the court The hotel has several tennis and tennis/ basketball/bad
32、minton courts.The 28-year-old striker was in court last week for breaking a rival players jaw.,2. Middle English,But English, though it survived as the national language, was profoundly changed after the Norman Conquest. It is in vocabulary that the effects of the Conquest are most obvious. French c
33、eased, after a hundred years or so, to be the native language of very many people in England, but it continued and continues still to be a zealously cultivated second language, the mirror of elegance and civilization. When one spoke English, one introduced not only French ideas and French things but
34、 also their French names. This was not only easy but socially useful.,2. Middle English,What was the position of English then? What happened to the English language? It survived as the language of the people. It was profoundly changed, especially in vocabulary. What happened to French after a hundre
35、d years or so? What did French symbolize then? French ceased to be the native language of many people in England, but continued to be a zealously cultivated second language, the mirror of elegance and civilization.,2. Middle English,虽然英语作为民族语言被保留了下来，诺曼底征服仍然对其产生了深远的影响，这种影响在词汇领域最为明显。虽然一百多年之后，法语不再是许多英格
36、兰居民的母语，但是仍然有许多人热衷于学习法语，视之为高雅和修养的标志。英国人对法语的这种热情甚至延续至今。说英语时，人们不仅表达法兰西民族的思想和事物，还有其对应的名称。这种表达方式不但容易而且具有社会功能。Translate back in to English?,2. Middle English,To pepper ones conversation with French expressions was to show that one was well-bred, elegant, au courant. The last sentence shows that the proces
37、s is not yet dead. By using au courant instead of, say, abreast of things, the writer indicates that he is no dull clod who knows only English but an elegant person aware of how things are done in le haut monde.,2. Middle English,To pepper ones conversation with French expressions was to show that I
38、f something is peppered with things, it has a lot of those things in it or on it. While her English was correct, it was peppered with French phrases. If something is peppered with small objects, a lot of those objects hit it. He was wounded in both legs and severely peppered with shrapnel.,2. Middle
39、 English,与人交谈时如果能用上一些法语词汇能体现自己是一个有教养的、优雅的、与时俱进的人。最后这句话恰恰说明了这一趋势仍在延续。作者用法语词au courant取代英语词abreast of things，表明了自己不是一个只懂英语的书呆子，而是一位对上流社会的习惯有充分了解的高雅人士。,2. Middle English,Thus French words came into English, all sorts of them. There were words to do with government: parliament, majesty, treaty, alliance
40、, tax, government; church words: parson, sermon, baptism, incense, crucifix, religion; words for foods: veal, beef, mutton, bacon, jelly, peach, lemon, cream, biscuit; household words: curtain, chair, lamp, towel, blanket, parlor; play words: dance, music, conversation; literary words: story, poet,
41、literary; learned words: study, logic, grammar, stomach; just ordinary words of all sorts: nice, second, very, age, flower, surprise, plain.,2. Middle English,Many people must have had more French words than English at their command. If you have a particular skill or particular resources at your com
42、mand, you have them and can use them fully. (FORMAL)Landlords do their best to utilize everything at their command to raise the rent to the maximum level. At its command, my family had to resettle in the West; it shaped my schooling, youth, and even my poetic beginnings - rebellious, contrary.,2. Mi
43、ddle English,Does it mean that English became French? Why?,2. Middle English,Middle English, then, was still a Germanic language, but it differed from Old English in many ways. The sound system and the grammar changed a good deal. Speakers made less use of case systems and other inflectional devices
44、 and relied more on word order and structure words to express their meanings. This is often said to be a simplification, but it is not really. Languages do not become simpler; they merely exchange one kind of complexity for another. Modern English is not a simple language, as any foreign speaker who
45、 tries to learn it will hasten to tell you.,2. Middle English,Features of Middle English,1. The introduction of French the court, the nobility, the polite society, the literary people, and other people of high station2. Middle Englishs difference from Old English vocabulary, sound system, grammar,3.
46、Modern English,1500-1700 Early Modern English The English Renaissance Shakespeare Authorized Bible1700-present Late Modern English English grammar and dictionaries,The history of English since 1700 is filled with many movements and countermovements.One of which is the vigorous attempt made in the ei
47、ghteenth century, and the rather half-hearted attempts made since, to regulate and control the English language.,3.Modern English,自从1700年以来，英语的发展起起落落，几经变革。18世纪对英语用法的规范及确定就是一项积极的尝试，此后又有一系列这方面的尝试，但是这些尝试显得有些漫不经心。,3.Modern English,What are the two products of the 18th century? the development of the dic
48、tionary the invention of “English grammar“,3.Modern English,As English came to replace Latin as the language of scholarship, it was felt that one should also be able to control and dissect it, parse and analyze it, as one could Latin. dissect: to study something closely and in great detail parse: to
49、 divide a sentence into parts and describe the grammar of each word or part,3.Modern English,In what way was English grammar taught in schools? What are its advantages and disadvantages respectively?,3.Modern English,What happened in practice was that the grammatical description that applied to Lati
50、n was removed and superimposed on English. 1. to put one image on top of another so that the two can be seen combined 使（图像甲）叠映在（图像乙）上 A diagram of the new road layout was superimposed on a map of the city. 新公路的规划示意图被叠映在该城市的地图上。2.to add some of the qualities of one system or pattern to another one in order to produce sth that combines the qualities of both 使重叠；使叠加；使附加于 She has tried to superimpose her own attitudes onto this ancient story. 她想把自己的看法加入这个古老的故事里。,
