1、Draft review of import conditions for fresh taro cormsMarch 2011 ii Commonwealth of Australia 2011This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation.
2、 Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications Manager, Biosecurity Services Group, or e-mailed to babiosecurity.gov.au.Cite this report as:Biosecurity Australia (2011) D
3、raft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra.www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Disclaimer:The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithsta
4、nding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in t
5、his publication.Cover image: Taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms imported from Fiji. Photographed by Biosecurity Australia officer, Sydney, October 2010.iiiSubmissionsThis draft review of import conditions has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to an
6、y scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to Biosecurity Australia within the comment period stated in the related Biosecurity Australia Advice on the Biosecurity Australia website. The draft report will then be revised as nec
7、essary to take account of the comments received and a final report will be released at a later date.Comments on the draft report should be submitted to:Office of the Chief ExecutiveBiosecurity AustraliaGPO Box 858CANBERRA ACT 2601AUSTRALIATelephone: +61 2 6272 4004Facsimile: +61 2 6272 5245Email: pl
8、antbiosecurity.gov.auInternet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.auDraft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms ContentsvContentsAcronyms and abbreviations .ixAbbreviations of units ixSummary xi1 Introduction .11.1 Australias biosecurity policy framework .11.2 This import risk analysis 12 Metho
9、d for pest risk analysis .52.1 Stage 1: Initiation 52.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment .62.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management 123 Commercial taro production and trade . 153.1 Assumptions used to estimate unrestricted risk 153.2 Taro cultivation practices 153.3 The global taro industry .164 Pest risk ass
10、essments for quarantine pests 194.1 Quarantine pests for pest risk assessment 194.2 Fiji ginger weevil .214.3 Taro beetles 254.4 Taro planthopper 294.5 Paraputo mealybugs 334.6 Taro root aphid .364.7 Spiral nematodes .394.8 Taro root nematode .434.9 Needle nematode 474.10 Bacterial blight of taro 51
11、4.11 Corallomycetella root rot .554.12 Black root rot .584.13 Taro leaf blight 614.14 Taro pocket rot 664.15 Pythium corm rot 704.16 Colocasia bobone disease 74Draft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms Contentsvi4.17 Dasheen mosaic . 784.18 Taro reovirus .834.19 Taro vein chlorosis . 87
12、4.20 Tomato zonate spot .914.21 Pest risk assessment conclusion .955 Pest risk management 995.1 Pest risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures 995.2 Review of policy .1036 Conclusion 105Appendix A: Initiation and pest categorisation 109Appendix B: Additional data for quarantine pests 147
13、Appendix C: Biosecurity framework 157Appendix D: History and classification of taro .163Glossary 173References . 177Draft review of policy report for fresh taro corms Tables and figuresviiTablesTable 2.1: Nomenclature for qualitative likelihoods.8Table 2.2: Matrix of rules for combining qualitative
14、likelihoods.9Table 2.3: Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score11Table 2.4: Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest11Table 2.5: Risk estimation matrix12Table 3.1: Estimated production of taro in 2007 from the 20 highest producers 17Table 4.1: Q
15、uarantine pests for fresh taro corms from all countries .19Table 4.2: Summary of risk assessments for quarantine pests for fresh taro corms 96Table 5.1: Phytosanitary measures proposed for quarantine pests of fresh taro corms.99FiguresFigure 1 Map of Australia.viiiFigure 2 A guide to Australias clim
16、ate zones viiiFigure D.1: A typical dasheen type large corm taro167Figure D.2: A typical eddoe type small corm taro.168Draft review of policy report for fresh taro corms Maps of AustraliaviiiFigure 1 Map of AustraliaTropic fCapriconFigure 2 A guide to Australias climate zonesDraft review of import c
17、onditions for fresh taro corms Acronyms and abbreviationsixAcronyms and abbreviationsAbbreviations of unitsTerm or abbreviation DefinitionC degree Celsiuscm centimetreg gramha hectaremm millimetreTerm or abbreviation DefinitionACT Australian Capital TerritoryALOP Appropriate level of protectionAPPD
18、Australian Plant Pest Database (Plant Health Australia)AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection ServiceCABI CAB International, Wallingford, United KingdomEPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection OrganizationFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsICON AQIS Import Conditio
19、ns databaseIPC International Phytosanitary CertificateIPPC International Plant Protection ConventionIRA Import Risk Analysis ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary MeasuresNSW New South WalesNT Northern TerritoryPRA Pest risk analysisQld QueenslandSA South AustraliaSPS Agreement WTO Agreement
20、 on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresTas. TasmaniaUSA United States of AmericaVic. VictoriaWA Western AustraliaWTO World Trade OrganizationDraft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms SummaryxiSummaryBiosecurity Australia is assessing the quarantine risks associated wi
21、th the importation of fresh taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms from all countries. This draft report proposes that fresh corms be permitted import into Australia, subject to specific pest risk management measures.Five quarantine pests have been identified as requiring additional quarantine measures to
22、 manage risks to a very low level in order to achieve Australias appropriate level of protection. The pests are taro planthopper (Tarophagus proserpina), taro leaf blight (Phytophthora colocasiae), Colocasia bobone disease virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and Tomato zonate spot virus.The proposed qu
23、arantine measures include: inspection of taro corms on arrival to ensure that quarantine pests and other regulated articles are detected and consignments are subjected to appropriate remedial action removing all petiole material and the apical growing points from corms of large corm taro (Colocasia
24、esculenta var. esculenta) imported from countries where taro planthopper, Colocasia bobone disease virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus or Tomato zonate spot virus are present only importing taro corms sourced from areas declared free of taro leaf blight prohibiting imports of small corm taro (Colocasia
25、 esculenta var. antiquorum) from countries where Colocasia bobone disease virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus or Tomato zonate spot virus are present.Alternative measures to the requirement to demonstrate area freedom from taro leaf blight will be considered on a case-by-case basis.The emergency quaran
26、tine measures adopted in 2006, which prohibit small corm taro from being imported into Australia, will remain in place. This draft report proposes that countries that are able to demonstrate freedom from taro leaf blight, Colocasia bobone disease virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and Tomato zonate sp
27、ot virus will be able to apply for access for small corm taro. Applications will be assessed on a case-by-case basis.This draft report provides risk assessments for the quarantine pests of taro and proposed quarantine measures to allow interested parties to provide comments and submissions to Biosec
28、urity Australia within the consultation period of 60 days.All submissions received on the draft report will be carefully considered by Biosecurity Australia in finalising the review of import conditions. Biosecurity Australia will then recommend pest risk management measures to the Australian Quaran
29、tine and Inspection Service.Draft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms Introduction11 Introduction1.1 Australias biosecurity policy frameworkAustralias biosecurity policies aim to protect Australia against the risks that may arise from exotic pests1 entering, establishing and spreading i
30、n Australia, thereby threatening Australias unique flora and fauna, as well as those agricultural industries that are relatively free from serious pests.The pest risk analysis (PRA) process is an important part of Australias biosecurity policies. It enables the Australian Government to formally cons
31、ider the risks that could be associated with proposals to import new products into Australia. If the risks are found to exceed Australias appropriate level of protection (ALOP), risk management measures are proposed to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. However, if it is not possible to reduce
32、 the risks to an acceptable level, then no trade will be allowed.Successive Australian Governments have maintained a conservative, but not a zero-risk, approach to the management of biosecurity risks. This approach is expressed in terms of Australias ALOP, which reflects community expectations throu
33、gh government policy and is currently described as providing a high level of protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.Australias PRAs are undertaken by Biosecurity Australia using teams of technical and scientific experts in relevant fields, and involve consultation wit
34、h stakeholders at various stages during the process. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) is responsible for implementing appropriate risk management measures.More information about Australias biosecurity framework is provided in Appendix C of this report and in the Import Risk An
35、alysis Handbook 2007 located on the Biosecurity Australia website www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au.1.2 This import risk analysis1.2.1 BackgroundQuarantine policy for the importation of fresh taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) corms into Australia for human consumption has been in place for many
36、years.In June 2003, following a review of the existing import conditions for taro corms, Biosecurity Australia advised AQIS that taro corms should continue to meet the general conditions for fruit and vegetables, as well as being topped and free of leaf material.In June 2005, Taro Growers Australia
37、wrote to AQIS expressing concerns about the import conditions for fresh taro corms and claimed that its members had seen imported taro corms in breach of these conditions. Further correspondence between Taro Growers Australia and Biosecurity Australia in 2006 discussed the quarantine risk from impor
38、ts of corms of the 1 A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO 2009)Draft review of import conditions for fresh taro corms Introduction2small corm taro (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) that propagate easily from mul
39、tiple growing points, even after the removal of the apical growing point.In response to the concerns that corms of the small corm taro can be readily propagated, Biosecurity Australia advised AQIS in May 2006 that small corm taro should no longer be permitted entry, and this advice was applied from
40、23 May 2006. From 7 July 2006, phytosanitary certificates were required to carry an additional declaration that the consignment was not Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum. A notification (G/SPS/N/AUS/199: 06/3352) of the emergency measure to halt imports of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum to Au
41、stralia was made to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 July 2006.Subsequently, Taro Growers Australia argued that even topped large corm taro could be propagated, and claimed that small corm taro was being imported labelled as the large corm variety. In November 2006, Biosecurity Australia rec
42、ommended to AQIS that size and morphological criteria be adopted and used by inspectors to distinguish the two varieties. These criteria were adopted on 1 December 2006, and notification (G/SPS/N/AUS/199/Rev.1: 06/5810) of the modification to the emergency measure was made to the WTO on 4 December 2
43、006.To meet its obligations under the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), Australia is required to investigate the phytosanitary situation where emergency actions are taken to determine whether the actions are justified, in accordance with the Int
44、ernational Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs). This review was initiated in response to stakeholder concerns and the subsequent adoption of emergency measures.1.2.2 ScopeThis review of import conditions assesses the biosecurity risks
45、 associated with the importation of fresh taro corms from all countries for human consumption. It considers both the large and small corm varieties.In the PRA section of this report, Biosecurity Australia has considered the pests associated with taro corms. The assessment of unrestricted risk is bas
46、ed on the importation of commercially produced taro corms from all countries into Australia as described in Section 3.In addition to fresh taro corms, there is a small market in Australia for fresh taro leaves, used in traditional cooking practices. Consideration of this commodity is outside the scope of this review.1.2.3 Existing policyPrior to the introduc
