1、1博士生专业英语试题专业：岩土工程 姓名： 学号：一、将下列英文译成中文（20 分）Rock mechanics is truly interdisciplinary subject, with applications in geology and geophysics, mining, petroleum, and civil engineering. It related to energy recovery and development, construction of transportation, water resources and defense facilities, p
2、rediction of earthquakes, and many other activities of greatest importance. This book introduces specific aspects of this subject most immediately applicable to civil engineering. Civil engineering students, at the advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate level, they will find here a selection
3、of concepts, techniques, and applications pertaining to the heart of their field-for example, how to evaluate the support pressure required to prevent squeezing of clay stone in tunnels, how to evaluate the optimum angle of a rock cut through a jointed rock mass, and how to determine the bearing cap
4、acity of a pier socked into rock. Students in other fields should also find this work useful because the organization is consistently that of a textbook whose primary objective is to provide the background and technique for solving practical problems. Excellent reference books cover the fundamental
5、bases of the subject well. What has been lacking is relatively short work to explain how the fundamental of rock mechanics may be applied in practice.答：岩石力学是一门边缘学科，应用范围涉及地质和地球物理、矿业、石油以及土木工程。与之相关的有能源再生及开发、交通土建、水利和防御设施、地震预报及其它各种重要领域。本书介绍该学科在土木工程中的具体应用。土木工程专业的大学高年级学生和低年级研究生都能在这里就有关该领域特定概念、技术及其应用找到答案，例如
6、在隧道施工中怎样估计防止粘土岩挤压膨胀所需的支护压力、如何求解穿凿节理岩体的最优角以及怎样确定嵌入基岩的桥台墩座的承载力。本书以一种教科书的组织形式贯穿始终，由于本书的主要目的是为读者提供解决实际问题的背景资料和技术手段，因此其它专业的学生也会发现该书对他们同样有用。书中提供的参考文献也非常好，几乎涵盖了在学科所有的基础知识，但不足的是没有用相关的简短实例来说明岩石力学基本理论是如何在实际中应用的。二、下列中文译成英文（20 分）岩石力学首先是为满足采矿工程的需要而产生的。天然岩体（原岩）本来处于自然平衡状态。由于开采矿床，岩体中形成各种各样的空间，这些采掘空间的出现还扰动了原岩应力场，即打破
7、了原有的自然平衡，使岩体应力重新分布，并在其周围引起一系列的现象，如围岩的变形和破坏等现象，这就是所谓的“地压显现” 。随着采矿工业的发展，人们对地压的认识逐渐深化并寻求其显现规律，用这些规律指导实践，这就出现了岩石力学的雏形。ANSWER： Rock mechanics originated from meeting the needs of mining engineering. Original rock (or in-situ rock) is originally in a state of equilibrium in itself. Due to mining activitie
8、s, various kinds of mining spaces are developed which disturb the original rock stress field. In other words, disrupting the original equilibrium in original rock results in the redistribution of rock stress and the appearance of a series of phenomena around the rock such as the deformation and rupt
9、ure of surrounding rock that is so-called “ground pressure 2occurrence”. During the development of Mining Industry, ground pressure has been recognized more deeply and the occurrence laws of it are being explored. Due to guiding practice with these laws, the embryonic form of rock mechanics emerges.
10、三、 阅读所附 2 份英文材料，然后各写出 200300 字的英文摘要（230 分）3.1 MODES OF FAILURE OF ROCKABSTRACT：There are several modes of failure of rock. They are flexure, shear, tension and compression. These failures may occur in rock materials. The flexure failure of rock often occurs in the roof of underground engineering. Th
11、is kind of failure is caused by the gravity of the rock above. The beam of roof sags downward. As the sagging development the beam begins to creak. If the creak sags down enough, the rock of roof will loose and fall.Shear failure is another kind of failure. This kind of failure often occurs in slope
12、 cut in weak, soil-like rocks such as weathered clay-shale and crushed rock of fault zones. When the strength of pillars are stronger than the roof and floor rock, then it is possible that the pillar will cut into the rock or into the floor. This cutting stress in the rock exceeds the shear strength
13、 of roof and floor rock, so the shear failure occurs in the roof and floor.Direct tension can be seen in rock layers lying on the convex upward slope surface and in sedimentary rock on flank of an anticline. The mechanism of failure in rock slopes is the formation of tension cracks severs the rock b
14、ridges.Crushing or compression failure occurs in intensely shortened volumes or rock penetrated by a stiff punch. The crushing failure is a complex kind of failure. It is caused by formation of tensile cracks and their growth and interaction through flexure and shear. 6.1 INTRODUCTIONABSTRACT：Deform
15、ability is a characteristic of the rock. It is the capacity of rock to strain under applied loads or in response to loads on excavation. The strain must be concerned in rock engineering even if there is little risk of rock failure because of large displacements. If a dam is set in different type of
16、rock, it will develop different strain because of dissimilar deformability. In this case the dam will develop shear stress by virtue of unequal deflection of the foundation. The dam can be structured to handle these deflections by knowing the characteristic of different rocks. There are also many ca
17、ses in which rock displacements should be calculated. The expansion of lining should be known to design pressure tunnels. Tall buildings on rock may transmit sufficient load to their foundation. The settlement of the building is significant to the design. Rock displacement and rotations of rock shou
18、ld be considered in designing the long span, pre-stressed roof structures. It is insufficient to know the properties of rock deformability by elastic constants alone, for many rocks are non-elastic. Many fresh, hard rocks are elastic when considered as laboratory specimen. But on the field scale, wh
19、ere the rock can be expected to contain fissure, fractures, bedding planes, contacts, and zones of altered rock and clays with plastic properties, most rock do not exhibit perfect elasticity. The extent of recoverability of strain in response to load cycles may be as important for design as the slope of the load curve.
