1、TIOBE Programming Community Index for May 2012 May Headline: Where is that next big programming language?The last 8 years not much has changed in the top 10 of the TIOBE index except for Objective-C (in) and Delphi (out). Apart from iPhone language Objective-C, new language adoption appears to be mu
2、ch harder than expected. The main reason for this is probably that it is very difficult to migrate a large code base from one language to another one. So changes are slow. But even if we take this into account there are no new languages that show a slow but constant uprise.Lets have a look at some p
3、ossible candidates. What programming languages are hot in the Internet discussions? Take, for instance, Scala. It is currently at position #46. We started monitoring this language 6 years ago. It entered the TIOBE index at #57 in 2006, but one year later it already moved to #48. So not much happened
4、 to the language after that. Other examples are F# (currently: #40, 2006: #38), Groovy (currently: #32, 2008: #36), Erlang (currently: #44, 2006: #35) and Clojure (currently: #77, 2009: #88). So where is that next big programming language? Let us know.The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indi
5、cator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. The popular search engines Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the r
6、atings. Observe that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be
7、adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.PositionMay 2012PositionMay 2011Delta in Position Programming LanguageRatingsMay 2012Delta May 2011Status1 2 C 17.346% +1.18% A2 1 Java 16.599% -1.56% A3 3 C+ 9.825% +0.68% A4 6 Objective-C 8.30
8、9% +3.30% A5 4 C# 6.823% -0.72% A6 5 PHP 5.711% -0.80% A7 8 (Visual) Basic 5.457% +0.96% A8 7 Python 3.819% -0.76% A9 9 Perl 2.805% +0.57% A10 11 JavaScript 2.135% +0.74% A11 10 Ruby 1.451% +0.03% A12 26 Visual Basic .NET 1.274% +0.79% A13 21 PL/SQL 1.119% +0.62% A14 13 Delphi/Object Pascal 1.004% -
9、0.07% A15 15 Lisp 0.941% -0.01% A16 24 Logo 0.839% +0.35% A-17 17 Pascal 0.808% +0.10% A18 18 Transact-SQL 0.654% -0.04% A-19 16 Ada 0.649% -0.10% B20 12 Lua 0.566% -0.54% BLong term trendsThe long term trends for the top 10 programming languages can be found in the line diagram below.Other programm
10、ing languagesThe complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at .Position Programming Language Ratings21
11、 RPG (OS/400) 0.557%22 Assembly 0.517%23 MATLAB 0.485%24 Bash 0.465%25 SAS 0.456%26 Fortran 0.411%27 COBOL 0.405%28 Scheme 0.394%29 R 0.381%30 cg 0.372%31 ABAP 0.372%32 Groovy 0.344%33 Scratch 0.343%34 D 0.327%35 Haskell 0.295%36 Prolog 0.293%37 (Visual) FoxPro 0.268%38 NXT-G 0.252%39 PL/I 0.245%40
12、F# 0.239%41 Smalltalk 0.238%42 Awk 0.237%43 APL 0.236%44 Erlang 0.229%45 Forth 0.224%46 Scala 0.221%47 ML 0.214%48 JScript.NET 0.195%49 VBScript 0.194%50 Alice 0.180%The Next 50 Programming LanguagesThe following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the
13、programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order). ActionScript, Algol, Apex, bc, Boo, C shell, CFML, CL (OS/400), Clean, Clojure, Curl, Dart, Dylan, Eiffel, Euphoria, Factor, Felix, Go, Icon, Inform, J, JavaFX Script, LabVIEW, Ladder Logic, Lingo, LPC, Mathematica, Max/MSP, MUMPS, NATUR
14、AL, Oberon, OCaml, Occam, OpenCL, OpenEdge ABL, Oz, PowerShell, Processing, Q, REALbasic, REXX, S, S-PLUS, SPARK, SuperCollider, Tcl, Verilog, VHDL, X10, xBaseVery Long Term HistoryTo see the bigger picture, please find the positions of the top 10 programming languages from 5, 15 and 25 years ago in
15、 the table below. Programming LanguagePositionMay 2012PositionMay 2007PositionMay 1997PositionMay 1987C 1 2 1 1Java 2 1 3 -C+ 3 3 2 7Objective-C 4 45 - -C# 5 8 - -PHP 6 4 - -(Visual) Basic 7 5 4 5Python 8 7 22 -Perl 9 6 6 -JavaScript 10 9 18 -Lisp 15 16 16 3Ada 19 17 11 2Programming Language Hall of
16、 FameThe hall of fame listing all “Programming Language of the Year“ award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.Year Winner2011 Objective-C2010 Python2009 Go2008 C2007 Python2006 Ruby2005 Java2004 PHP2003 C+Categories o
17、f Programming LanguagesIn the tables below some long term trends are shown about categories of languages. Object-oriented statically typed languages have been most popular for more than 5years now.Category Ratings May 2012 Delta May 2011Object-Oriented Languages 57.7% +0.4%Procedural Languages 36.6%
18、 -0.5%Functional Languages 3.9% -0.4%Logical Languages 1.9% +0.5%Category Ratings May 2012 Delta May 2011Statically Typed Languages 71.6% +0.5%Dynamically Typed Languages 28.4% -0.5%This Months Changes in the IndexThis month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index: Ken Ar
19、romdee gave some suggestions how to improve grouping calculation. His proposals will be tried out in the near future. Wes Byrd pointed out that according to Wikipedia, ColdFusion is also used to refer to the CFML programming language. This is an issue that raised a huge debate a couple of years ago.
20、 Unfortunately, Wes mail came to late for this edition of the TIOBE index. So from next month on we will use the ColdFusion term again. There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient.Bugs & Change Request
21、sThis is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index dont hesitate to send an e-mail to .1. Apart from “ programming“, also other queries such as “programming with “, “ development“ and “ coding“ should be tried out.2. Add queries for other natu
22、ral languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.3. Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rail
23、s, JQuery, JSP, etc.4. Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.5. Some search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q:
24、Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection twice. If you take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a n
25、ew search term that is 10% of the original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise 10%. So taking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language. Thats why we decided to take the max.The proper way to solv
26、e this is is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give rise to an explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, then you have to perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). So this seems not possible ei
27、ther. If somebody has a solution for this, please let us know. Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source ““. Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?A: We spen
28、t a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages o
29、nce a month. The data are availabe in comma separated format. Please contact for more information. Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to
30、get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C+. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident. Q: Why is YouTube used as a s
31、earch engine for the TIOBE index?A: First of all, YouTube counts only for 10% of all ratings, so it has hardly any influence on the index. YouTube has been added as an experiment. It qualified for the TIOBE index because of its high ranking on Alexa. YouTube is a young platform (so an indicator for popularity) and there are quite some lectures, presentations, programming tips and language introductions available on YouTube.
