1、December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,盆 部,内容: 一、盆壁 二、盆部的血管、神经 三、盆腔脏器,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,第一节 概述,盆部(pelvis)以骨盆作为支
2、架,由覆盖于其内的盆壁肌、盆底肌及其筋膜共同围成盆腔和盆腔内的脏器所组成。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,境界与分区,前界耻骨联合上缘、耻骨嵴、耻骨结节、腹股沟韧带、髂嵴前份连线于腹部分界。 后界髂嵴后份和髂后上棘至尾骨尖的连线与腰区和骶区分界。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzho
3、u University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,两侧髂嵴最高点连线平第4腰椎棘突,不仅可作为腰穿定位的标志,还可作为计数腰椎的标志。两髂后上棘连线平对第2骶椎中部,为蛛网膜下隙下端平面的标志。,表面解剖,髂嵴、髂前上棘 、髂后上棘 耻骨联合上缘、耻骨嵴、耻骨结节、 耻骨弓 、 坐骨结节和尾骨尖。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SO
4、NG,界线:骶骨岬向两侧经弓状线、耻骨梳、耻骨结节至耻骨联合上缘,一、骨盆 整体观 构成:左右髋骨、骶、尾骨、其间的骨连结。 分部:大骨盆 、小骨盆 小骨盆构成 上口界线 骨盆下口尾骨尖、骶结节韧带、坐骨结节、坐骨支、耻骨下支和耻骨联合下缘。,第二节 盆 部 Pelvis,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,骶髂关节 髋骨与脊柱间的韧带连结 髂腰韧带 骶结节韧带 骶棘韧带,耻骨联合 髋骨
5、的固有韧带闭孔膜 骨盆,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,二、盆壁肌,。,梨状肌 闭孔内肌 肛提肌腱弓,闭孔内肌表面筋膜上缘在耻骨联合后面至坐骨棘间连线的筋膜增厚形成,为肛提肌及盆膈上下筋膜的附着处,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right re
6、served by YP HOU and YF SONG,肛提肌 Levator ani 前列腺提肌 (耻骨阴道肌) 耻骨直肠肌 耻尾肌 髂尾肌 尾骨肌 Coccygeus,三、盆底肌 Muscles of floor of pelvis,耻骨直肠肌在直肠与肛管移行处,两侧肌束构成“U”形袢,是肛直肠环的主要组成部分。施行肛瘘的手术时,如切断肛直肠环可导致大便失禁。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and
7、YF SONG,组成:盆膈上筋膜肛提肌、尾骨肌盆膈下筋膜 作用:封闭盆底,对盆腔脏器起衬托。 通过结构:盆膈前份有盆膈裂孔,在男性孔内有尿道通过;在女性则有尿道和阴道通过。盆膈后部有肛管通过。,盆膈 pelvic diaphragm:,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,四 、盆筋膜 Pelvic fascia,盆壁筋膜 Parietal pelvic fascia 骶前筋膜 梨状肌筋膜
8、 闭孔筋膜 盆膈上筋膜 盆膈下筋膜,骶前筋膜与骶骨之间含有丰富的静脉丛,直肠切除时,应在直肠筋膜鞘与骶前筋膜之间进行,而不应将骶前筋膜从骶骨前面剥离,否则极易撕破骶前静脉丛,引起难以控制的出血。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,盆脏筋膜 Visceral pelvic fascia 前列腺鞘 Fascial sheath of prostate 直肠膀胱隔 Rectovesical
9、septum 直肠阴道隔 Rectovaginal septum 韧带,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,(1)耻骨后隙retropubic space(或称 Retzius 隙、膀胱前隙)(膀胱前隙)位于耻骨联合与膀胱之间,内有结缔组织、静脉丛,临床上常在耻骨上方作膀胱手术和剖腹产手术。,五、盆腔筋膜间隙,2)直肠后隙retrorectal space (骶前间 隙)位于直肠筋膜与骶
10、前筋膜之间,向上通腹膜后隙,内有骶丛、奇神经节、直肠上血管、骶淋巴结、结缔组织。若有感染,向上可扩散到腹膜后隙。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,六、盆部的血管、淋巴及神经,1.髂外动脉 external iliac artery 2.髂内动脉 internal iliac artery,(一)动脉 artery,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. An
11、atomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,静脉、淋巴、神经:自学,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,七、盆腔脏器,盆腔脏器分属泌尿、生殖和消化系统。它们在盆内大致的排列关系是 前部 泌尿系统器官 中间 生殖系统器官 后部 消化系统器官,盆腔脏器的排列关系
12、,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,直肠rectum 2.膀胱urinary bladder 3.前列腺 prostate 4.子宫 uterus 5.输精管盆段、射精管及精囊(自学) 6.输尿管盆段,壁内段(自学) 7.卵巢,输卵管,阴道(自学),December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou
13、 University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,1. 直肠 rectum,1) 位置、形态,直肠rectum位于盆腔后部,上于第3骶椎平面接乙状结肠,向下穿盆膈延续为肛管。直肠在矢状面上有两个弯曲,上部的弯曲与骶骨的曲度一致,称骶曲sacral flexure;下部绕尾骨尖时形成凸向前的会阴曲 perineal flexure。在冠状面上,直肠还有3个侧曲,从上到下依次凸向右、左、右。直肠的上、下两端处于正中平面上。直肠腔内一般有3条由粘膜和环行平滑肌形成的半月形横向皱襞,称直肠横襞transverse folds of rectum
14、。横襞的位置与3个侧曲相对,上、中、下直肠横襞分别距肛门约13cm、11cm和8cm。在进行直肠或乙状结肠镜检查时,应注意直肠弯曲、横襞的位置和方向,缓慢推进,以免损伤肠壁。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,2)毗邻 后:骶前筋膜、骶骨、尾骨、梨状肌,骶前间隙内的血管、神经。 两侧:借直肠侧韧带连于盆侧壁 在男性,腹膜返折线以上的直肠隔直肠膀胱陷凹与膀胱底上部和精囊相邻,返折线以下的
15、直肠借直肠膀胱隔与膀胱底下部、前列腺、精囊、输精管壶腹及输尿管盆部相邻。 在女性,腹膜返折线以上的直肠隔直肠子宫陷凹与子宫及阴道穹后部相邻,返折线以下的直肠借直肠阴道隔与阴道后壁相邻。,直肠的动脉:(静脉回流与动脉伴行),December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,直肠的淋巴引流:,直肠上段的淋巴管沿直肠上血管注入肠系膜下淋巴结。直肠下段的淋巴管沿直肠下血管注入髂内淋巴结和骶淋巴结。,淋巴管道转
16、移是直肠癌主要的扩散途径,手术要彻底清除。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,直肠的神经(自学),神经:直肠和肛管齿状线以上由交感神经和副交感神经支配。 副交感神经是直肠机能的主要神经,纤维来自盆内脏神经,经盆丛并通过直肠侧韧带而分布于直肠和肛管。与排便反射有关的传入纤维也经由盆内脏神经传入。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, Scho
17、ol of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,1. 位置、形态 2. 毗邻 前下方耻骨后间隙、耻骨联合上方腹膜覆盖、小肠袢(男) 腹膜覆盖、子宫(女) 后下方 (男)输精管壶腹、精囊、前列腺、直肠膀胱隔、直肠(女) 膀胱阴道隔、子宫颈、阴道前壁,2.膀胱 urinary bladder,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved b
18、y YP HOU and YF SONG,2. 膀胱内面观 膀胱三角两侧角为左、 右 输尿管口,下角为 尿道内口。为结核 和肿瘤的好发部位。 输尿管间襞两输尿管口之间横 行的黏膜皱襞。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,空虚时为腹膜外位器官,充盈时为腹膜间位器官,膀胱位置变化及其与腹膜的关系:,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, Scho
19、ol of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,位置:位于膀胱与尿生殖膈之间,包绕尿道的起始部。 形态:底、尖、体、沟 分叶:前、中、后、两侧5叶 毗邻:上膀胱颈 下尿生殖膈 前耻骨前列腺韧带 后直肠 前列腺鞘 前列腺囊(固有),3. .前列腺 prostate,鞘与囊之间有丰富的静脉丛,行前列腺切除时,腺体应由囊内取出,以免损伤静脉丛。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou Univer
20、sity. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,直肠指诊,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,形态:底、体、峡、颈 位置:前倾、前屈,前倾,前屈,4. 子宫 uterus,毗邻: 前面膀胱 后面直肠子宫陷凹、直肠 两侧输卵管、子宫阔韧带、 卵巢固有韧带等,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, Sc
21、hool of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,子宫颈阴道部 子宫颈子宫颈阴道上部子宫峡,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,子宫的韧带:子宫阔韧带 子宫主韧带 子宫圆韧带 骶子宫韧带,除上述韧带外,盆底肌和阴道的承托以及周围结缔组织的牵拉等对子宫位置的固定也起很大作用。,子宫的
22、固定装置,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,1)子宫动脉:在子宫颈侧缘约 2cm 处,越过输尿管的前上方与其交叉, 称为“桥下流水“2)子宫静脉:起自子宫阴道丛,在平子宫口高度汇合成子宫静脉,汇入髂内静脉。,子宫的血管,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. Al
23、l right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,子宫的淋巴引流:(自学),子宫底和体上部的淋巴管沿卵巢血管注入腰淋巴结,沿子宫圆韧带注入腹股沟浅淋巴结。子宫体下部和子宫颈的淋巴管沿子宫血管注入髂内、外淋巴结和骶淋巴结。子宫体下部和子宫颈的淋巴管在阔韧带下部两侧,一部分注入髂内淋巴结,另一部分在小骨盆上口边缘处注入髂外淋巴结,还有一小部分向后注入骶淋巴结或髂总淋巴结。,December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved
24、 by YP HOU and YF SONG,5.输精管盆段、射精管及精囊(自学) 6.输尿管盆段,壁内段(自学) 7.卵巢,输卵管,阴道(自学),December, 2008,Copyright Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,目的与要求,掌握肛提肌的分部,了解盆底肌及盆筋膜的配布及盆膈的作用。 掌握盆腔脏器子宫,直肠,前列腺的位置,毗邻及血供相互关系。 掌握女性输尿管与子宫动脉的位置关系。 掌握阴道的形态、位置和毗邻。掌握阴道穹的毗邻及意义。,