1、2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,1,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,2,21世纪的英语词汇学,汪榕培,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,3,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,4,I. 英语词汇学研究的历史和现状,在中国和西方的语文学研究中，“词”一直是不可或缺的内容；英语的lexicology（词汇学）这个名称是Noah Webster于1828年创造的。作为对词汇的历时研究，历史比较词汇学早在19世纪已经在西方产生。,中华字典博物馆,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,5,但是，在20世纪初索绪尔开创的西方现代语言学(linguistics
2、)中，语言的语音系统和语法系统是主要的研究对象，词汇系统却没有受到足够的重视，他们振振有词地把表示“所指”意义的“词语”排除在语言学的研究范围以外，认为词汇学属于语文学(philology)的范围。其实，结构主义语言学能够比较容易地阐明语音系统和语法系统的“结构”，而无力阐明词汇系统的“结构”，于是避重就轻、一推了之，使西方（尤其是美国）的词汇学研究耽误了几十年的时间。,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,6,此外，跟词汇有关的若干分支学科已经取得了相对独立的地位，例如词典学(lexicography)、形态学(morphology) 和词汇语义学(lexical semantics)
3、，还有一些分支学科已经取得了半独立的地位，例如短语学(phraseology)和心理词汇(mental lexicon)，这些分支学科似乎把词汇学的研究范围分割掉了。,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,7,在20世纪结构主义语言学（尤其是美国结构主义语言学）的影响下，英语词汇研究和英语词汇教学的研究处于相对滞后的状态，Leonard Bloomfield就认为，“词汇实际上是语法的附录，也就是不规则的基础形式的清单 (really an appendix of the grammar, a list of basic irregularities) 。 ”,21世纪以来，随着计算机科
4、学的发展和语言学研究的深入，词汇研究在西方（尤其在欧洲）引起了越来越多的重视，相继出版了一系列词汇学著作。,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,8,其中包括Leila Behrens等主编的聚焦词汇：当代词汇学的竞争与交汇（The Lexicon in Focus: Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology，2002）、由David Alan Cruse等主编的1900余页的词汇学：词和词汇性质和结构的国际手册（Lexicology: An International Handbook on the Nature and Str
5、ucture of Words and Vocabularies, 2002，2005）、由Dieter Wunderlich主编的词汇理论的进展(Advances in the Theory of the Lexicon, 2006)、由M. A. K. Halliday等编著的词汇学概论（Lexicology：A Short Introduction, 2007）、由Patrick Hanks主编的2400余页的词汇学：语言学重要概念（Lexicology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, 2008）等一系列重要的词汇学论著，为英语词汇研究注入了活力，词
6、汇取得了语言学研究的中心地位。 Anna Wierzbicka甚至认为“句法只不过是把词粘在一起的粘合剂而已 (no more than the glue that is used to paste words together)。”,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,9,II. 两本词汇学巨著的启示意义,Lexicology - An International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies by D. Alan Cruse (Editor) Publisher: Mouton de G
7、ruyter; Bilingual edition (2005),第一本,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,10,The handbook (1944 pages) identifies and deals with the following aims for academic progression and practical/theoretical research: - the establishment and maintenance of an independent profile for the discipline of lexicology - the colle
8、ction and documentation of up-to-date knowledge in the field of lexicology - the documentation of research still out-standing and the provision of guidelines on concrete fields of study. In conclusion the present state of lexicology made it necessary to deal thoroughly with questions about the disci
9、pline, its methodology and its links with related disciplines.,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,11,The handbook starts off with the two main sections word and vocabulary. The sense relations act as the threads which bind these two sections together, because their ability to link words in pairs allows us to mak
10、e successive inroads into the vocabulary. Moving from the term word to the term lexical element forces us into a more detailed investigation of phraseology. Detailed treatments of each of the ways of looking at vocabulary are provided, in view of the ambiguity of the term vocabulary (vocabulary in i
11、ts relation to a natural language vs. vocabulary in its relation to an individual mental lexicon vs. vocabulary in its relation to grammar lexicon). Similarly, synchronic and diachronic points of view are taken into account, in order to be able to arrive at an adequate description of the underlying
12、dynamics of the vocabulary of natural languages.,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,12,Volume One,该手册第一卷的 23 章可以分为五个部分，第一部分介绍了词和词汇学的基本概念：I. The foundations and fundamental questions of lexicologyII. Reflection on the wordIII. The word in the context of different theories of language/grammar,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学
13、,13,第二部分介绍了词的形式层面和内容层面:IV. The form level of the wordV. The content level of the word I: General overview VI. The content level of the word II: Lexical decomposition VII. The content level of the word III: Conceptual approachesVIII. The content level of the word IV: Structuring of word meaningIX. Th
14、e content level of the word V: Dimensions of meaning X. Relations between the level of form and the level of content,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,14,第三部分介绍了词汇单位的特殊形式:XI. Special forms of lexical units I: Idioms XII. Special forms of lexical units II: Shortened words, abbreviations and other lexical units w
15、ith a status similar to words 第四部分介绍了词汇结构的意义关系： XIII. Lexical structures based on sense relations I: General overview, inclusions and identityXIV. Lexical structures based on sense relations II: Exclusion and opposition, derivational relationsXV. Lexical structures based on sense relations III: Desc
16、riptive models,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,15,第五部分介绍了词与词汇的各种共时关系： XVI. Lexical structures in a syntagmatic perspective XVII. The architecture of the vocabulary I: Word classes XVIII. The architecture of the vocabulary II: Word families XIX. The architecture of the vocabulary III: Lexical fields XX. The ar
17、chitecture of the vocabulary IV: Structurings related to concepts XXI. The architecture of the vocabulary V: Functional varieties XXII. The architecture of the vocabulary VI: Layers of origin XXIII. The architecture of the vocabulary VII: Vocabularies for specific purposes,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,16,V
18、olume Two,该手册第二卷也可以分为五个部分， 第一部分介绍了词汇学的方法论和词汇的特征： XXIV. Methodology of Lexicology XXV. Structural Properties of Vocabularies from Contrastive and Typological Points of View XXVI Special Properties of Vocabularies,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,17,第二部分从社会语言学的角度介绍了语言的地域方言、时间变迁和社会方言： XXVII. A Selection of Region
19、al Vocabularies and Vocabularies of Dialects I: German XXVIII. A Selection of Regional Vocabularies and Vocabularies of Dialects II: English XXIX. The Etymology of Words XXX. Lexical Change XXXI. Epoch Vocabularies XXXII. Vocabularies of Famous Personalities I: Literature XXXIII. Vocabularies of Fam
20、ous Personalities II: Church, Music, State and Science XXXIV. Contrastive Studies of Lexical Fields,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,18,第三部分介绍了词汇与语法的关系： XXXV. Lexicon and Grammar I: The Analysis of Lexical Units XXXVI. Lexicon and Grammar II: Changing Lexical Units XXXVII. Lexicon and Grammar III: The Combinat
21、ion of Lexical Units 第四部分介绍了心理词汇： XXXVIII. Mental Lexicon I: The Word XXXIX. Mental Lexicon II: The Vocabulary XL. Mental Lexicon III: Acquisition and Loss 第五部分介绍了词汇学跟其他学科的关系： XLI. Lexicology and Neighbouring Disciplines 最后还附有索引： Index of names Index of topics,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,19,P. Hanks, ed.
22、Lexicology - Critical Concepts in Linguistics 6 vols. Publisher: Routledge (2008),第二本,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,20,This new Routledge Major Work is a six-volume collection （2768 pages) of nearly one hundred papers, articles, and extracts covering every aspect of lexicology. It ranges over philosophy of
23、language, prototype theory, artificial intelligence, cognitive linguistics, systemic linguistics, structuralism (European and American), generative lexicon theory, meaning-text theory, natural semantic metalanguage theory, computational linguistics, corpus linguistics, and child language acquisition
24、. Carefully edited extracts from writings on the lexicon by Aristotle, Wilkins, Leibniz, and Wittgenstein make the central observations of these great thinkers readily available to scholars and students. And major articles by lexical semantic field theorists (Trier, Porzig, Gipper, and Coseriu) are
25、made available for the first time in English translation. A general introduction by Patrick Hanks, a leading scholar in the field, gives a comprehensive overview of the subject and its main issues,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,21,Volume 1: Philosophy and Word Meaning Part 1: Foundations Part 2: Beyond Neces
26、sary Conditions Part 3: Variability and Vagueness Volume 2: Lexical Semantics and Structures Part 4: Semantic Field Theory Part 5: Structuralist Semantics Part 6: Componential Analysis of Kinship Part 7: The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar: Markerese Part 8: The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theo
27、ry Volume 3: Core Meaning, Extended Meaning Part 9: Primes and Universals Part 10: Polysemy Part 11: Cross-Linguistic Comparative Lexicology,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,22,Volume 4: Syntagmatics Part 12: Syntagmatics: The Firthian Tradition Part 13: Lexicon Grammar Part 14: Frame Semantics Part 15: Prefer
28、ences, Meaning, and Context Volume 5: Cognition and the Lexicon Part 16: Child Language Acquisition Part 17: Prototypes and Stereotypes Part 18: The Mental Lexicon Volume 6: Formal Approaches to the Lexicon Part 19: Meaning-Text Theory Part 20: Statistics of Word Association Part 21: Lexical Resourc
29、es for Computational Language Processing Part 22: Computational Representation of the Lexicon,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,23,Volume 1: PHILOSOPHY AND WORD MEANING,第1卷 哲学和词义 第1卷包括3个部分，主要介绍词汇学这门学科的哲学基础，探讨了“词”和 “意义”的关系。该卷精选了自Aristotle以来18位著名哲学家如Porphyry，Russell，Wittgenstein 和 Quine 等有关词汇研究的作品。第1卷的论述高屋建瓴，不仅可以
30、帮助读者了解词汇学研究的历史渊源和哲学意义，而且还为词汇学研究奠定了哲学基础。,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,24,Part 1: Foundations 1. Aristotle (4th century BC), Meaning and Essence, excerpts from Aristotles writings, selected, arranged, and edited by Ekaterini Stathi (Berlin, 2005) 2. Porphyry, Eisagoge, Introduction to Aristotles Categories,
31、trans. J. Barnes (Oxford, 2003), pp. 319 3. John Wilkins (1668), excerpts from Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (London: The Royal Society) 4. John Locke (1690), Of the signification of words, Chapters 1 to 5 from Book III of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and
32、Table of Contents of Book III (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 40238 5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1704), excerpts from Table de definitions, in Louis Couturat (ed.), Opuscules et fragments indits de Leibniz (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1903), selected by Donald Rutherford, trans. Emily Rutherfo
33、rd 6. Louis Couturat (1903), excerpts from The Logic of Leibniz, trans. Donald Rutherford and Timothy Monroe, published on the Internet (19972002) 7. Bertrand Russell, Words and Meaning, The Analysis of Mind (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922), pp. 13544,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,25,Part 2: Beyond Necessary C
34、onditions 8. Ludwig Wittgenstein, excerpts from Philosophical Investigations, selected and edited by Yorick Wilks (Oxford, 2005) 9. Willard van Orman Quine (1940), Use Versus Mention, in Willard van Orman Quine, Mathematical Logic (New York: Norton) 10. Willard van Orman Quine, excerpts from Word an
35、d Object (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960), pp. 517; 8095; 11434 11. Hilary Putnam (1970), Is Semantics Possible?, in H. Kiefer and M. Munitz (eds.), Languages, Believe and Metaphysics, Volume I of Contemporary Philosophic Thought: The International Philosophy Year Conferences at Brockport (reprinted
36、 in Mind, Language and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 13952) 12. Hilary Putnam (1975), The Meaning of Meaning, in K. Gunderson (ed.), Language, Mind, and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, VII (University of Minnesota Press) (reprinted in Mind, Lan
37、guage and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 21571) 13. J. L. Austin, Performative-constative, in Charles E. Caton (ed.), Philosophy and Ordinary Language, trans. G. J. Warnock (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963), pp. 2254,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,26,Part 3: Variability a
38、nd Vagueness 14. Jorge Luis Borges, The Analytical Language of John Wilkins, in Jorge Luis Borges, Other Inquisitions: 19371952, trans. Ruth L. Simms (New York: Simon 20513 18. Timothy Williamson, Vagueness, Indeterminacy and Social Meaning, in Colin B. Grant and Donald McLaughlin (eds.), Language M
39、eaning Social Construction: Interdisciplinary Studies (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), pp. 6176,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,27,Volume 2: LEXICAL SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURES,第2卷包括5个部分，共15篇文章。该卷具体讨论了词的意义和结构以及它们之间的关系，介绍了语言学两大主要传统欧洲的结构主义语言学和美国的生成语言学有关词汇学研究的成果。,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,28,Part 4: Semantic Field Theory 19.
40、 Walter Porzig, Intrinsic Semantic Relations, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as Wesenhafte Bedeutungsbeziehungen, Beitrge zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 58, 1934, pp. 7097) 20. Jost Trier, The Linguistic Field: An Investigation, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as Das S
41、prachliche Feld: Eine Auseinandersetzung, Neue Jahrbcher fr Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, 10, 1934, pp. 42849) 21. Helmut Gipper, Sessel oder Stuhl? A Contribution to the Definition of Word Contents in the Object World, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as Sessel oder Stuhl? Ein Beitrag
42、zur Bestimmung von Wortinhalten im Bereich der Sachkultur, in Helmut Gipper (ed.), Sprache: Schlssel zur Welt; Festschrift fr Leo Weisgerber (Dsseldorf: Pdagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1959), pp. 27192) 22. Wolfgang Wildgen, The History and Future of Field Semantics: FromGiordano Bruno to Dynamic Seman
43、tics, in L. Albertazzi (ed.), Meaning and Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000), pp. 20326,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,29,Part 5: Structuralist Semantics 23. Louis Hjelmslev, Dans quelle msure les significations des mots euventelle tre consideres comme formant une struc
44、ture?, in Eva Sivertsen et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958), pp. 63654 24. Bernard Pottier, Vers une smantique moderne, in Travaux de linguistique et de Littrature, 2, 1, 1964, pp. 10737 25. Eugenio Coseriu, Towards a Struc
45、turalist Diachronic Demantics, trans. Patrick Hanks (originally published as Pour une smantique diachronique structurale in Travaux de linguistique et de littrature (Centre de Philologie et de Littratures Romanes de lUniversit de Strasbourg, II/1, 1964), pp. 13986) 26. John Lyons, Semantic structure
46、, in Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 44381,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,30,Part 6: Componential Analysis of Kinship 27. Ward H. Goodenough, Componential Analysis and the Study of Meaning, Language, 32, 1956, pp. 195216 28. Floyd G. Lounsbury, The S
47、tructural Analysis of Kinship Semantics, in Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge MA 1962 (The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1964), pp. 16492Part 7: The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar: Markerese 29. Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry Fodor, The Structure of a Semantic Theory,
48、 Language, 39, 2, 1963, pp. 170210 30. Dwight Bolinger, The Atomization of Meaning, Language, 41, 4, 1965, pp. 55573 31. Manfred Bierwisch, Some Semantic Universals of German Adjectivals, Foundations of Language, 3, 1967, pp. 136,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,31,Part 8: The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theo
49、ry 32. James Pustejovsky, The Generative Lexicon, Computational Linguistics, 17, 4, 1991, pp. 40941 33. Ray Jackendoff, Whats in the Lexicon?, in Sieb Nootebom, Fred Weerman, and Frank Wijnen (eds.), Storage and Computation in the Language Faculty (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002), pp. 2358,2018/12/15,21世纪的英语词汇学,32,Volume 3: CORE MEANING, EXTENDED MEANING,第3卷 核心意义和引申意义 第3卷共3个部分，详尽说明第1卷和第2卷所讨论的内容，特别讨论了语义基元（semantic primitives）和自然语言中的多义词问题。另外，第3卷还从人类学视角对词汇学进行研究。,
