新英汉翻译教程-第三章.英汉语言对比答案.ppt

1、第三章英汉语言对比Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages,3.3.1 英汉句子结构的互换A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句 3.3.2 英汉句子顺序的调整A.调整时间顺序B.调整空间顺序 C.调整逻辑顺序,3.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合 3.1.2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零 3.1.3 英语爱用静态词，汉语多用动态词 3.1.4 英语语序变换多，汉语结构较固定 3.1.5 英语多用被动，汉语常用主动,3.4.1 英汉都有增补与省略 3.4.2 英汉都有词类转换 3.4.3 英汉

2、都有巧妙重复 3.4.4 英汉都受上下文制约选择词义,课堂互动1,课堂互动3,课堂互动4,综合练习 1 综合练习 2 综合练习 3,3. 1 英汉语言特征对比,3. 2 英汉词汇表达对比,3.2.1 英语词汇含义多 3.2.2 英语词汇搭配多 3.2.3 英语词汇在句中的位置多,3. 3 英汉句法结构对比,3. 4 英汉句意表达对比,第三章综合练习及参考译文,-end,第 三 章 重 点,第三章 英汉语言对比,课堂互动2,3,第三章 英汉语言对比 Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages,4,不同语言间的差异不仅表现在语言、词汇和

3、语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征上。语言文化特征不仅涉及到一种语言所代表民族的心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统等因素，而且涉及到历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化等方面。汉语和英语是世界上的两大语言，代表着中西两种文化。由于中西文化的不同，在语言、文化、生活、工作、习惯、风俗、行为、爱好、兴趣等各个方面都存在着差异。,5,若“要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识现代汉语的特点，就要跟古代汉语比较；要认识普通话特点，就要跟方言比较。无论语音、语汇、语法，都可以通过对比来研究” 。,6,翻译是两种语际间的转换、是两种文化信息间的转换。语言不是静止不变的，是随着社会实践的不

4、断发展而发展的。词的意义、语言表达也是如此。翻译也是这样。,7,在跨语言、跨文化的翻译交际过程中，难免会出现差异，探索语言、文化的差异性并分析其原因，有利于避免产生失误，提高翻译质量。,8,语言的表达方式不仅与文化有着密切的关系，而且与思维及逻辑方式有着密切的关系。这种思维及逻辑方式的差异在语言表达方式上的表现既存在于语篇的思路和结构上，也存在于句子水平上。,小节结束,9,3. 1英汉语言特征对比 Comparisons between English and Chinese Language Features,10,英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系；汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通

5、过字词的意义连结起来。,3. 1. 1 英语重形合，汉语重意合,11,例1：Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. 【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却看不到成就的来

6、之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没有获得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,12,例2：And yet it almost provokes a smile at the vanity of human ambition, to see how they are crowded together and jostled in the dust; what parsimony is observed in doling out a scanty nook, a gloomy corner, a little por

7、tion of earth, to those, whom, when alive, kingdoms could not satisfy; and how many shapes, and forms, and artifices are devised to catch the casual notice of the passenger and save from forgetfulness, for a few short years, a name which once aspired to occupy ages of the worlds thought and admirati

8、on.,13,【译文】现在这些伟人只是横七竖八地挤在一起，埋在黄土中；他们在世之时，堂堂英国却不足以供他们驰骋，如今却遵照经济的原则，他们只分得那么小的一块土地，那么黑暗而又贫瘠的一个角落；他们曾企图让声名占有世代人的思想，获得人人的敬羡。如今他们的坟墓却千方百计地雕出种种装饰，只是为了吸引游客偶然的一顾，免得在短短的几年中就把他们的名字匆匆忘怀。看了这些，想到人生的虚空，我又几乎忍不住要惨然一笑了。,小节结束,14,3. 1. 2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零,“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则化整为零”（王力）。说明英汉两种语言写作在篇章结构方面和句子互译方面的差异。,15,例1：M

9、eanwhile he took the mutton off the gridiron, and gravely handed it around. We all took some, but our appreciation of it was gone, and we merely made show of eating it. (Charles Dickens: David Copperfield) 【译文】这时候，他从烤架上拿了些羊肉，庄重地送到我们面前，我们各自取了一些，可是我们早已没有了胃口，只不过做做样子，装吃罢了。,16,例2：Harvard Business School

10、opened in the early 20th century, and pioneered the case-study method of teachingmaking use of real-world scenarios, instead of relying on academic theorya methodology that has remained the bases for many MBA programmes around the world today. 【译文】哈佛商学院成立于20世纪初，它开了个案研究教学法之先河，即在教学中运用现实生活中的案例，而不是单纯依靠学

11、术理论，这种方法业已成为当今世界MBA课程的基础。,小节结束,17,英语喜欢使用静态词汇，而汉语则多使用动态词汇，英译汉时常常把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述。,3. 1. 3 英语爱用静态词，汉语常用动态词,18,例1：Inspiration is the number one cause of greatness. If information is power, then inspiration must be the power of our potential. The power that moves us from the systematic to the s

12、pontaneous. From ideas to results. 【译文】灵感伟大成就之源。如果说信息为力量的 话，那么灵感便是一种使我们从按部就班到挥洒自如、从构思意念到取得成果的潜能。,19,例2：In order to resolve these problems, the Chinese and American experts agreed that youth organizations should call on the whole of society to create favorable conditions for the healthy growth of you

13、ng people, as well as to encourage them to meet the urgent needs of society and to challenge the assumption that young people are apathetic and uncaring. 【译文】为了解决这些问题，中美两国专家一致认为，各青年团体应该动员全社会，既鼓励青年急社会之所急，又要向那种认为年轻人冷漠无情、对社会漠不关心的思想进行挑战，为他们的健康成长创造有利条件。,小节结束,20,英语为了获得句子形式上的平衡或修辞上的强调效果，经常将句中的某些成分的位置进行调整，如

14、主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成分的位置调换等，以产生修辞上的生动效果。这种句子成分的位置调换在汉语中比较少见。,3. 1. 4 英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定,21,例 1：Mr. Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr. Bingley. He had always intended to visit him, though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go; and till the evening after the visit wa

15、s paid, she had no knowledge of it. (J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice) 【译文】班纳特先生尽管在太太面前始终都说不想去拜访彬格莱先生，实际上他一直都打算去，而且还是最先去拜访的人员之一。直到他去拜访后的那天晚上，他太太才知道实情。,22,例2：The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1 300 passengers to t

16、heir deaths, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song. 【译文】白星公司的班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1 300多名乘客遇难。此后关于她的种种传说便成为各种刊物、电影以及诗歌、歌曲的内容而广为流传。,小节结束,23,英语重物称，常采用无生命词汇作主语，所以多被动句，并且不指出动作的执行者；汉语重人称，习惯用表示人或物的词汇作主语，大都以主动句的形式出现。,3. 1. 5 英语多被动，汉语常用主动,24,例1：The little cares, fears, tears, t

17、imid misgivings, sleepless fancies of I dont know how many days and nights, were forgotten, under one moments influence of that familiar, irresistible smile. (Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【译文】他那熟悉的笑容有一股不可抵抗的魔力，多少天来牵肠挂肚、淌眼抹泪，心里疑疑惑惑，晚上胡思乱想睡不着，一看见他，顷刻之间就把一切忧虑忘得精光。（扬 必译）,25,例2：By August 23 the Seine was reac

18、hed southeast and northwest of the capital, and two days later the great city, the glory of France, was liberated after four years of German occupation when General Jacques Leclercs French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division broke into it and found that French resistance units we

19、re largely in control. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) 【译文】到8月23日，盟军就抵达了巴黎东南面和西北面的塞纳河，两天以后，雅克勒克莱克将军率领的法国第二装甲师和美国第四步兵师攻进了巴黎。被德国占领了四年之久的这座法国引以自豪的伟大名城就此解放。他们发现法国抵抗运动部队已经基本上控制了巴黎。,小节结束,26,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）,1I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in

20、a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile. 【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、

21、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。,27,2I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years. 【译文】我们诚恳地希望，你们在表示祝贺之后，能作出相应的共

22、同努力，以便寻求一个公正可行的办法，来解决这个多年来一直困扰着联合国的问题。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）,28,3They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries. 【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）,

23、29,4Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts. 【译文】他心中的所谓文化，与人的精神心灵有关，不能用物质的丰富，甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东方人交往很久，也同情东方人；在东方人心目中，文化也是如此。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）

24、,30,5With Asias economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership, Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders. (China: Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats) 【译文】亚洲经济出现的问题

25、使北京领导层感到紧张，朱镕基和其他领导人现在更有理由相信，为了防止国际货币基金组织和其他的外部干涉，中国必须把自己的事情办好。,小节结束,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）,31,3.2英汉词汇表达对比 Differentiations in English and Chinese Dictions,32,每个词都有个词义，这是基本意义。一个词的意义常常由于语言环境改变而改变，产生多个词义，其实这都是词的词典意义。有时候这个词在词典里根本找不到这个意义，这便是词的延伸意义，另外还有内涵意义、风格意义、情感意义、联想意义、搭配意义、主题意义等。,3.2.1 英语词汇含义多,3

26、3,例1：He stole her a watch.A. 他给她偷了一块表。B. 他偷了她一块表。C. 他偷看了她一眼。D. 她偷看了他一眼。,答案A,34,例2：That girl student is in the green.A. 那个女生身着绿装。B. 那个女生正值青春年少。C. 那个女生毫无经验。D. 那个女生涉世不深。,答案B,35,例3: He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him.A. 他装出生气的样子，可是笑容暴露了他的真实情感。B. 他试图看上去是生气的样子，但是他的笑容背叛了他。C. 他试图生气忍住不笑。D. 他心

27、里很生气，却笑不出来。,答案A,36,例4：Science is a servant of mankind.A. 科学是人类的仆人。B. 科学是人类的工具。C. 科学服务于人类。D. 科学造福于人类。,答案D,37,例5：In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other.A. 两位领导人用一种奇特的方式使对方黯然失色。B. 两位领导人用一种奇异的方式互相贬低对方。C. 两位领袖用一种奇怪的方式互相排挤对方。D. 奇怪的是, 这两位领袖站在一起，都不如原来的形象那么伟大了。,小节结束,答案D,38,例1：Any literate person

28、 on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not know English. 【译文】世上的文化人，如果不懂英语就算不上个真正的文化人。,3. 2. 2 英语词汇搭配多,英语中词汇与词汇的搭配不同，意义不同，如果只按词的基本意思去译，往往就会变为望文生义，搞出很多笑话。,39,例2：She is forty, if she is a day. 【译文】她至少40岁了。例3：The housewife is not at home to visitors. 【译文】家庭主妇不接待客人。,40,例4：He pretends to be as

29、modest as anything. 【译文】他装得极为谦虚。 例5：We should find truth in the light of science. 【译文】根据科学，探求真理。,41,例6：Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up the blackness of darkness. (Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer) 【译文】在火光照不到的地方，一切都被吞没在夜的黑暗之中。,小节结束,42,3. 2. 3 英语词汇在句中的位置多,A. 定语的位置,例1：Its n

30、o legend. My father knew the two men involved. 【译文】这可不是瞎说。那两个与本案有关的人我父亲都认识。,43,例2：They are to send a government trade delegation to China. 【译文】他们将派一个政府贸易代表团到中国来。 例3：The fundamental way out for agriculture lies in mechanization. 【译文】农业的根本出路在于机械化。 例4：She was happiness incarnate. 【译文】她是幸福的化身。,小节结束,44,B

31、. 状语的位置,例1：He left today week. 【译文】他上星期的今天离开了。,45,例2：He will leave today week. 【译文】他将在下星期的今天离开。 例3：It isnt half hot today. 【译文】今天很热。 例4：I shall be only too pleased to come. 【译文】我非常愿意来。,46,例5：Im nothing of a scholar. 【译文】我不识字。 例6：Bunyan was sent to school for a short time, where he learned to read an

32、d write after a fashion. （Wu Weiren: History and Anthology of English Literature）【译文】班扬上学少，学习也不怎么好。,小节结束,47,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文）,1That woman walks the streets. 【译文】那女人是个街头女郎。 2Bill is taking his bird to the pictures tonight. 【译文】比尔今晚要带他的“小鸟”去看电影。 3He is not so ill but he can come to school. 【译文

33、】他还不至于病得不能上学。,48,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文）,4She is at home in English. 【译文】他英语很棒。 5He and he alone could control the situation. 【译文】他，只有他，才能控制局面。 6It is raining cats and dogs outside. 【译文】外面下着倾盆大雨。,49,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文）,7It is not half bad for a beginner. 【译文】就新手而言，这是相当不错的了。 8. Dont make ligh

34、t of their design. 【译文】别轻视他们的方案。 9He is a foreign-language student. 【译文】他是学外语的学生。,50,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文）,10I came to the university this day 25 years ago. 【译文】二十五年前的今天，我来到这所大学。 11Well be there this time next month. 【译文】下个月的这个时候，我们将到那儿。 12Im something of a carpenter. 【译文】我能作些木工活。,51,课堂互动2： 翻译句子

35、，注意词义的选择（参考译文）,13Xiao Gao is anything of a gentleman. 【译文】小高有点儿君子的风度。 14He is nothing of a musician. 【译文】他全无音乐家的风范。 15We sang the old year out and the New Year in. 【译文】我们以歌声辞旧迎新。,小节结束,52,3. 3 英汉句法结构对比Comparison in English and Chinese Sentence Structure,53,例1：This attitude has been described as anyth

36、ing from a “merciful loss of memory” to “escapist therapy”. 【译文】人们对这种态度议论纷纷，有的说是“好心的遗忘”，有的说是“逃避现实的疗法”。,3. 3. 1 英汉句子结构的互换,A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句,54,例2：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University. 【译文】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京大学。,55,例3：His weariness and the increa

37、sing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定一遇到有阴凉的地方就坐下来休息。,小节结束,56,例1：He doesnt know what life means to him. 【译文】他不知道人生的意义。 例2：What troubles me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work. 【译文】使我苦恼的是我做这种工作经验不多。 例3：He was very clean and his

38、mind was open. 【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。,B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句,小节结束,57,“语义表达没有明确的从左向右或从上到下的顺序，但语义在句法上尤其是横向组合关系上有具体的线性体现。语序的实质是根据思维之流来安排句法单位的排列顺序” 。但S-V-O句子结构是人类语言最优化的结构，最符合人类的认知顺序，使用最为广泛。,3. 3. 2 英汉句子顺序的调整,58,A. 调整时间顺序,英语叙述其从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。,59,例1：If she had long lost the blue-eyed, flower-lik

39、e charm, the cool slim purity of face and form, the apple-blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago, she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion, whose cheeks were faintly mottled, and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.

40、【译文】如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色儿二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过爱舍斯特那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过脸颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，灰蓝的眼睛也已经有点儿鼓了。,60,例2：Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first br

41、oken through by conscious choice. 【译文】遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的惟一方式， 当这种继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。,61,例3: He smelled the breeze and he listened for any foreign sound of secrecy or creeping, and his eyes searched the darkness, for the music of evil was sounding in his head and he was fierce and afraid. After h

42、e had probed the night with his sense he went to the place by the side post where the pearl was buried, and he dug it up and brought it to his sleeping mat, and under his sleeping mat he dug another little hole in the dirt floor and buried his pearl and covered it up again.,62,【译文】他吸闻着微风吹来的气息，听听有什么奇

43、异声响，两眼在黑暗中搜索，因为邪恶之歌又在耳边响起。他有点凶猛，也有点害怕。他用眼睛和耳朵在黑夜里仔细审查一番之后，又回到屋里，来在侧柱旁埋珍珠的地方，把珍珠挖出来，拿到席子上，又在席子下面的地上挖了一个小洞，把珍珠埋进去，再盖上土。,小节结束,63,英汉两种语言一般都遵循由上到下、由左到右、由里到外的顺序排列；但是汉语由背景到焦点、由参照体到目标体；英语由焦点到背景、由目标体到参照体。英语大都把最重要的或者较紧急的信息放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,B. 调整空间顺序,64,例1：I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the

44、warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water. 【译文】和煦的微风吹拂着我的肌肤，凉爽的海水托浮着我的身体。我享受着那种纯净的飘飘欲仙的感觉。,65,例 2：An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows

45、wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 【译文】人生像条河，开始是涓涓细流，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面逐渐展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得较为平缓，最后融入大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界线，从而结束其单独存在的那一段历程。,66,例3：He entereth

46、 smiling andembarrassed. He holdeth out his hand to you to shake, anddraweth it back again. He casually looketh in about dinner-time when the table is full. He offereth to go away, seeing you have companybut is induced to stay. He filleth a chair, and your visitors two children are accommodated at a

47、 side-table.（Charles Lamb: Poor Relations） 【译文】他微笑着走进来（自然是想讨好主人，让人家高兴并喜欢他），但又忸怩不安（自己心里明白，我这个穷亲戚，人家是不欢迎的）。他刚伸出手想同主人握手（既然是亲戚真没这个必要，可穷亲戚又矮人一节，还是主动先伸手，常言“礼多人不怪嘛”，可发现主人根本就没有握手的意思，所以伸出去的手）又缩回去了。他称本来无事只是随便来坐坐（是想给主人一个解释，你别怕，我不是来借钱，也不是要东西），正巧赶上主人宴请宾客（看似巧合，但实际上，每逢酒宴之日他总是不请都来），因有客人，他声言就走（并非本意，只是做做样子，他知道，主人一定会出

48、于礼节或碍于面子而虚留一番的），可主人刚一劝（虚情假意也好，正中下怀，便来个“顺水推舟”），就不走了，留下吃饭（本想就如此这般）。他占了一个座位（混一顿算一顿），把客人的两个孩子挤在了桌旁（顾不了那么多，人穷志短嘛）。,小节结束,67,英语因果叙述表示原因的从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语常是“因”在前，“果”在后；表示条件假设的从句和表示因果从句差不多，而汉语常是“条件假设”在前，“结果”在后；英语表示目的行为，常是“行为”在前，“目的”在后，而汉语有时为了强调目的，常把目的放在行为之前；表示结果理由的从句，常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后，汉语也常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后。汉语一

49、般是由大到小、或由整体到部分这样排列；而英语一般是由小到大，由部分到整体排列。,C. 调整逻辑顺序,68,例1：The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck. 【译文】那个骑车的青年横冲直撞，结果被一辆卡车撞倒了。,69,例2：Instead of the sublime and beautiful, the near, the low, the common, was explored and poetized. That which had been negligently trodden unde

50、r foot by those who were harnessing and provisioning themselves for long journeys into far countries, is suddenly found to be richer than all foreign parts. The literature of the poor, the feelings of the child, the philosophy of the street, the meaning of household life, are the topics of the time. It is a great stride.,