1、0題目:論衝突、政爭:社會科學領域個案分析作者:梁崇民,輔仁大學全人教育中心教授,041586mail.fju.edu.tw聯合國秘書處 .錯誤! 尚未定義書籤。世界人權日 .錯誤! 尚未定義書籤。1韓核試威脅東亞安全 淡江大學國際事務與戰研究所所長 王高成 韓於上月 9 日顧各方反對突然進核武試爆,引發各方震驚,也為朝鮮半島及東亞的安全埋下陰影。 由於韓一向與外界隔絕,各方對其資訊瞭解有限,且其導人正日事風格人捉摸定,平壤突然在此時試爆核武,真正原因為何難以確判定。從各種資研判,可能原因有三:第一、布希政府在 2002將韓視為邪軸心國家之一,且一直未完全排除以武解決韓核武問題,方會談又遲遲毫
2、無進展,韓遂深感美國的軍事威脅仍在,國在未有可能發生軍事衝突。韓亦深知其傳統武無法因應美國之高科技攻擊,伊克海珊政權的覆亡殷鑑遠,只有採取對稱作戰的方式,藉由發展核武與飛彈以嚇阻美國的入侵。其次,從過去的經驗顯示,韓善於運用衝突邊緣的談判策,藉由升高對及緊張情勢,以迫使西方國家對其要求讓步。韓去11 月因滿美國對其實施融制裁,而退出方會談,此一僵局至今未曾化解,同時韓也一直滿意美國在方會談中的強硬場。此次核武試爆也排除是平壤故計重施,同之前的飛彈試射,刻意製造緊張情勢,增加談判籌碼,以迫使各方尤其是美國讓步。第三、韓內部經濟凋蔽,人民生活困苦,正日擬藉由核武試爆以向人民顯示韓的科技進步及武強盛
3、,激民心士氣,爭取軍方的支持,鞏固自身的政權。在核武試爆後,韓的傳媒即向韓人民宣傳,這是一個史性的偉大成就,鞏固民心的意圖明顯可。 韓擁有核武後,對於朝鮮半島及東亞的安全局勢明顯有的影響。首先,韓是個封閉式的政權,雖西方專家對其試爆核武多以尋求自衛及談判策運用視之,但未將如何使用核武無人能加以確斷定。平壤是否有足夠的能管控核武的儲藏與發射,致產生核武誤射或刻意輸出的情形,仍外界擔憂。其次,由於核武的嚴重傷及韓的可預測性,受威脅國家一味採取防禦性的措施未必能有效保護國家的安全。東西方國家過去在因應核武威脅時往往發展相對的核武報能,以嚇阻敵方的核威脅,如美蘇在戰時期的恐怖平衡關係,戰後印與巴基斯坦
4、的核競賽皆是證。因此,在韓核武的威脅下,南韓及日本也可能跟進發展核武,導致東亞地區也上演核武競賽的戲碼。第三,布希政府一向反對韓擁有核武,在韓核武試爆成功後,美國是否會採取先制攻擊的措施,以外科手術式的攻擊方式摧毀韓尚在發展中的核武設施,仍人擔心。美國此取此一動,將可能導致韓的報,對南韓及日本發動攻擊,引發朝鮮半島及東亞地區的戰火。 韓試爆核武後,相關國家即採取動回應此一危機。日本是感受韓核武試爆威脅感最大之國家,國關係長久以和睦,過去平壤一再揚言朝 1 鮮半島發生戰爭,將排除對日本攻擊,1998韓即曾試射大埔型長程飛彈越過日本空。日本目前並無核武報能,與美國合作的飛彈防禦系統亦尚未完全部署完
5、成,應付韓的核武威脅自是倍感吃。在韓核武試爆後,日本反應最為強,即單方面宣布日本自己的經濟制裁措施,禁止韓物資及船隻進入日本,接著並與美國合作在合國推動制裁韓的決議。在合國通過 1718號制裁韓的決議案後,日本也明白表態願配合美國共同攔檢進出韓的船隻。美國也積極運作制止韓核武危機的擴大,布希政府一向反對平壤發展核武,此事僅與東亞安全及禁止核武擴散有關,也間接威脅到美國自身的安全。在韓核試後布希政府面政策的選擇,究竟是以武或外交的方式加以解決?最後布希政府仍選擇外交的途徑,此與伊克的局勢持續化中,美國無意也無再在其他地區發動大規模戰爭有關,此外,一旦美國對平壤動武,戰火將蔓延至南韓及日本,造成大
6、的傷亡代價。布希政府遂與日本及南韓積極在合國安會推動制裁韓的措施,並尋求中共的支持。為有效執合國的制裁決議,國務卿萊斯還親訪東亞各國,尋求一致的場與動。面對韓的核武,南韓朝野也一致憤,指責韓違反朝鮮半島非核化的原則,破壞南韓過去幾交往的氣氛。南韓政府也同意透過合國對韓實施制裁,過並同意美日所主張的包括軍事制裁在內,南韓擔心此舉將激韓,引發朝鮮半島的軍事衝突。 中共是此次事件中最感到尷尬的國家,因為京一向是韓最大的經濟及能源供應國家,卻未能在事先知道韓的核武試爆並加以阻止。在事件發生後,即使京對韓的徑大為滿,仍能完全站在美日的場,對韓進嚴厲的制裁,甚至採取軍事懲罰的作為。韓畢竟仍是中共的盟國,扮
7、演中國與美日勢在朝鮮半島緩衝國的角色,一旦韓遭致攻擊或政權垮台,中共將同樣感受到威脅,逃難的韓人民亦將大湧入中國邊境,造成經濟及治安的問題。但中共同其他東亞國家一樣,亦願韓擁有核武,因為將可能引美方的軍事攻擊,造成朝鮮半島局勢的穩,引發此地區的核武競賽。中共亦滿意平壤的躁進舉動,2僅造成此地區的局勢緊張,亦顯然未尊重中共的場與意。在東亞各國一致譴責平壤的形勢下,京此次亦贊成合國安會對韓施加制裁,過並允許動用武在內,警示的意味大於嚴懲的態。 在各方皆反對韓發展核武並認為韓的核試已超出容忍範圍的氛圍下,合國安會於 10 月 15 日一致通過 1718 號決議案,譴責韓的核武試爆,並提出一系的制裁措
8、施,包括:針對韓的核武、彈道飛彈與其他大規模毀滅性武器,禁止直接或間接為其供應、銷售與轉移相關的武器、原、設備、貨品與科技;凍結韓與上述武器研製相關的海外資與資產;禁止韓相關人士及其家屬入境;必要時應對疑似載運相關物資與貨品進出韓的船隻與航機,進攔檢;禁止對韓供應、販賣與轉移戰、戰機、戰艦、大口徑火砲等重型傳統武器裝備;禁止所有會員國對韓出口奢侈物品。從決議文的內容而言,係各方妥協後的產物。決議文僅對韓進經濟制裁及禁運措施,包括使用武手段在內,係美國為爭取中俄的同意所做的讓步。制裁措施中有相當大部分在於 防堵韓進一步發展核武及將核武輸出國外。禁止奢侈品進口則是針對正日及韓高官的懲罰。文內最有爭
9、議的部分則是對於進出韓可疑船隻與航機的攔檢,中共與南韓對此持保的態,擔心在海上的攔檢將可能導致與韓的摩擦與武衝突,美日對此點則頗為堅持,必要時將單獨執,形成各各話的結果。 此次核武危機的發生及解決的過程對於東亞的安全形勢具有幾項重要的意義。第一、美中國的戰合作關係因此而為密。韓核武試爆剛發生時,各國對於中共對韓的外交影響咸表懷疑,認為其未能勸阻韓的為。但是欲進一步解決此一問題,似乎仍能缺少中共的協助,除非美國已決定單方面以武摧毀韓的核武設施,否則中共仍是唯一與韓有直接溝通管道並對其有影響的國家。美日等國欲透過安會對韓實施制裁,也需要中共的首肯及配合。美國原本擔心中共同意安會對韓制裁,但此次中共
10、也覺得韓玩火過頭,決定對其施懲戒,雖然決議案作干妥協,但仍通許多嚴格的經濟制裁措施,各國場的一致,向韓傳遞強的反核武發展訊息,對韓形成強大的壓。京並且在安會通過制裁決議後派遣前外長唐家璇赴平壤,勸阻正日要二核試,為向韓施壓,中共並對韓實施減少石油供應、凍結銀匯款、檢輸往韓貨物、減少京飛平壤航班等措施。中共的番表現看在布希政府眼中自是十分受用,盛讚此為負責任大國的表現,雙方的戰合作關係因此為緊密。第二、東亞地區暫時無核武競賽的憂慮。在韓試爆核武後,各國努的重點在於防止韓進一步發展核武,而非在於尋求武的制衡。日本新任首相安倍晉三雖以主張提升日本軍事角色著稱,但是並主張發展核武因應韓威脅。重要的是美
11、國並核武進一步在東亞擴散,布希表示反對為防範韓的核子威脅而協助日本、南韓和台灣發展核子武器。為協助日本減少自韓的核武威脅,美國考慮在東京地區部署愛國者三型防禦飛彈。第三、南韓的和平努仍將繼續維持。在韓核試後,南韓朝野一群情激憤,嚴厲譴責韓的負責任徑,但南韓雖然也支持合國對韓制裁,卻與中共場相同反對納入武手段,也對攔檢韓船隻態有所保,南韓總統武鉉並表示仍將維持與平壤交往的陽光政策 。 在各方的壓下,韓終於決定進第二次的核武試爆。在第一次核試爆後,東亞各國及美國採取一致反對的動,尤其是一向支持平壤的中共與俄斯也在內,再加上合國通過的嚴格經濟制裁,給予正日政權極大的壓。中共在此時也扮演關鍵性的角色,
12、他一方面投票支持安會對韓施予制裁,給予韓壓,另一方面則反對採取過於強硬的制裁措施,給韓下面子,並且派員至平壤對正日曉以害,終於勸使韓軟化態。在中共的協調下,美國與韓代表已達成協議,同意在近期內重新恢方會談,韓核武危機至此暫時獲得化解,未如何解決將視下一的方會談結果而定。 3匈牙利抗暴運動 http:/ in Budapest ahead of 1956 anniversaryAt least five people have been injured in violent clashes between police and protestors in Hungary as the count
13、ry gears up for the 51st anniversary of the 1956 uprising against Soviet rule. Demonstrators threw firebombs at water cannon trucks near Budapests Opera House where Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany was attending a ceremony.At least three people have been arrested, according to media reports. The auth
14、orities responded by firing water cannons and tear gas at the crowds. Earlier the police had banned a march in the city at which speakers from the far-right were expected. Officers were carrying out spot checks near the main commemoration sites.They are preparing for a possible repeat of last years
15、violence on the streets of the capital around Szabadsag Square. Dozens of protestors and police were injured in weeks of anti-government riots initially sparked by Gyurcsanys admission in a leaked tape that he had lied about the state of Hungarys economy before winning the elections in May 2006.4請協助
16、處理回傳後討論:-英文中譯。-心得感言、創見、發現。-蒐集相關資料,交叉查證。托克勞(Tokelau)公投,否決獨立。2007 10 月 20 日,南太平洋島嶼托克勞(Tokelau ) ,又稱聯合群島 (Union Islands) ,公投決定是否獨立。托克勞島由三個珊瑚環礁組成,目前由紐西蘭代管,居民總人口一千五百人。TOKELAU NARROWLY REJECTS SELF-GOVERNMENT OPTION IN UN-SUPERVISED BALLOT2007 1025 Tokelau will remain a territory of New Zealand after the
17、citizens of the three small and isolated atolls in the Pacific Ocean fell 16 votes short of gaining self-government in a United Nations-supervised referendum - the second such ballot in less than two years.Some 446 of 692 valid votes cast during four days of balloting this week, or 64.4 per cent, ba
18、cked the option for self-government in free association with New Zealand, according to results announced on Atafu, one of Tokelaus atolls, yesterday. This was not enough to meet the two-thirds majority required by Tokelaus representative body, the General Fono, to change the status of the Non-Self-G
19、overning Territory. New Zealand has administered Tokelau since 1926.In a referendum on the same issue in February 2006, the self-government option attracted about 60 per cent of the vote. This time, 789 people of Tokelaus estimated population of 1,500 were eligible to vote. A five-member team of UN
20、monitors observing the poll - which began on Saturday in Apia, Samoa, and continued on the three atolls this week - said the election process was fair, transparent and credible.Ambassador Robert Aisi of Papua New Guinea, who represented the UN Special Committee on Decolonization (also known as the C
21、ommittee of 24) on the monitoring team, said it was important to take pride in the nature of the election process.“The Special Committee has long been in awe of the fact that this small community of 1,500 people has been fully able, amongst many other things, to manage its own budget, run its own pu
22、blic services, and take care of its own shipping service and telecommunication system,“ he said.“At the same time, Tokelau has been playing a role in regional affairs and managing relationships with its Pacific neighbours, not to mention being a member of a number of regional and international organ
23、izations and groupings. This all represents a series of achievements of which Tokelau can be very proud.“In a statement released by his spokesperson, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said he took note of the results and respected the decision of the people of Tokelau.“It is important that the people of
24、 Tokelau have had this opportunity,“ the statement said, adding that New Zealand also deserved commendation “for its exemplary commitment and cooperation in this process.“New Zealands Administrator of Tokelau, David Payton, said it was now up to the Tokelauan community to determine how it wants to m
25、ove forward following the vote.Tokelau, which lies about 500 kilometres north of Samoa in the Pacific Ocean, has a land mass of approximately 12 square kilometres. There are currently 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories remaining on the UNs decolonization list, compared to 72 such territories when the Organization was established in 1945. The last Non-Self-Governing Territory that exercised the right to self-determination was East Timor, now known as Timor-Leste, which gained its independence in 2002 and joined the UN that same year.5