1、新闻写作基础知识（Basic knowledge of journalistic writing）Section 1 news overviewI. definition of newsWhat is news? Different cultural backgrounds and different ideologies have different answers.In the United States, Melvin Manchels journalism and writing quoted some of the past and present press interpretat
2、ions of news. Such as:Dana was in charge of the New York sun from 1869 to 1897. He said the news was “what most people in society are interested in and never noticed before.“.“An editor Dana presents a classic news concept: “dog bites, is not news; a man bites a dog, that is news.“ (Note: This is Da
3、na 1882 “New York sun“, hes an interview with director John B Bogart for a young reporter said. )Another typical concept of the news is Stanley Walikrti. He was the editor in chief of the New York Herald Tribune in the early 30s of this century. He said the news was based on three “W“: “Women“, “Wam
4、pun“ and “Wrongdoing“.In fact, the above statements are not scientific definitions, but their views represent the basic stand of western journalism, that is, all abnormal, stimulating and curious things are news. This view, of course, has its profound cultural background and economic foundation. Alt
5、hough their understanding of the definition of news has focused on “readers interest“, its essence still can not be divorced from the manipulation of profit.In Chinese, “news“ the word first appeared in the “new book of Tang“. The “new book of Tang“ records: the Dragon years (no public before and af
6、ter 705 years, there is a call) sun Chuxuan scholar once said: “a world without hate to book wide news“. Sun Chuxuan once wrote that the ruling minister Heng Yan fan, comment on the political gains and losses, was not adopted, he would resign away, so he is a very concerned about the current politic
7、al people. It is natural that such people should express their dissatisfaction at the fact that there is no book to disseminate news (at that time printing has not yet been used for books). This remark was Sun Chuxuan was included in the “new book of Tang“, although the Tang Dynasty still not comple
8、tely with the dissemination of news, but people have been aware of the need to report this kind of news media. The term “news“ means “the latest news“.“Modern Chinese Dictionary“ explains “news“ as follows: domestic and foreign news reported by newspapers or radio stations: news broadcast / intervie
9、w news. (2) new developments in society.The “word“ interpretation of the news: newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, television stations and other news organizations have made to the current political events or social events. Prompt and timely, true, concise statement that, based on facts. Form
10、s include news, communications, features, press communications, survey reports, news pictures, television news, etc It was something new as the topic of conversation. Such as “dream of Red Mansions“ for the first time: “people as a news legend.“.“In September 1943, Lu Dingyi put forward: “news is th
11、e report of recent facts.“.“In August 1981, the Central Propaganda Department held a national 18 big city in Beijing newspaper work of the forum, the meeting minutes of the news is defined as a new interpretation:“News reflects new, important, meaningful and interesting facts. It is quick, clear and
12、 brief, and is one of the most effective forms of publicity.“.“The restriction of the attributive modification obviously considers the readers interest and takes into account the social effects, which are effective complements to the definition of Lu Dingyi. However, the bias is obvious. In view of
13、the above, we may as well summarize the definition of news as:“News is the dissemination of facts that have recently or been found to be of social significance and of great interest.“Clear the definition of news, we will distinguish between the broad sense of news and narrow sense of the news. Broad
14、 sense news, including news, communications, features, survey reports, news reviews, etc., is a common form of reporting in newspapers, radio, television and other media. News news refers to the narrow.Two, news valueThe different views on the definition of news, especially the fundamental differenc
15、es between the socialist journalism and western journalism on the definition of news, are in the final analysis due to the different understanding of the value of newsDetermined.The Western press that the factors determining an event and some thoughts of the news value has the following six aspects:
16、 (a) time: reported recently happened or is happening, more recent, more high value; (two) were reported to have objects: prestige or famous people, so, the more famous, the higher value; (three) proximity: facts and readers in space and other aspects of the relationship between the closer is capabl
17、e of arousing interest; (four): conflict, novelty and adventure, abnormal changes can satisfy the readers curiosity; (five) important: can cause vibration many people affected by events; (six) human: humor, suspense, grief at separation and joy in union with human life events. Among these factors, r
18、eaders interest is the only standard to measure news value. When we draw lessons from its rationality, we can not ignore the negative influence caused by this “news value“.According to socialist journalism, news value is the criterion of selecting and measuring facts, reporting and reporting. It con
19、tains two meanings: one is the fact that the value of effect itself the importance, influence and fresh degree; two is the degree of benefit readers after the news, the news caused by social effect. The former is a prerequisite, but without the latter, the former also loses its significance. To sum
20、up the socialist journalism factors that determine the facts of the news value mainly has the following several aspects: (a) guidance and thought: adhere to the socialist orientation, publicize the partys policies, guiding the people with correct public opinion; (two) the importance and significant
21、content: important social influence; (three) the universality and urgency: reflect the voice of the masses, pay attention to social issues; (four) knowledge and interest: the spread of knowledge and interest of public health, and noble; (five) the timeliness and the authenticity of the news: adhere
22、to the “truth“, “new news highlights“.Three, writing principles(1) adhering to the four cardinal principles and conscientiously implementing the partys propaganda discipline;(two) seek truth from facts and speak with facts;(three) prompt and timely, stress the aging;(four) in writing skills, follow
23、the following 10 writing rules:1, dont start writing before you understand the event itself.2 dont start writing before you know what youre going to say.3, to performance, not statements.4, put wonderful quotes in front of the news.5, put wonderful examples or anecdotes in front of the news.6, use c
24、oncrete nouns and verbs with action colors.7. Use adjectives as few as possible. Dont use adverbs on verbs.8, try to avoid making judgments and reasoning, and let the facts speak.9, in the news, do not mention those you can not answer the question.10, writing should be simple, simple, honest and qui
25、ck.In short, the news writing should achieve four words: true, new, fast and active.The following paragraphs should be our motto for writing news:A we should tell the truth,Because thats where our strength lies! (the “complete works of Lenin volume ninth page 283rd) with the Delta in life vivid exam
26、ples to educate the masses“ is the main task in the transition period from capitalism to socialism press.“ (complete works of Lenin, volume eighty-third, twenty-eighth pages)In our party newspaper, all the publicity of our party, should be vivid, vivid, sharp, without hesitation. This is the fightin
27、g style that our revolutionary proletariat should have. (selected works of Mao Zedong, 1217th pages)The struggle for a real news report! (Zhou Enlais inscription on the supplement to the news daily)In the new historical period, adhere to the socialist news service, serving the people, so we must fir
28、mly fully and accurately publicize the partys basic line, construction of Socialist propaganda China theory and decision making, publicity of the people of all ethnic groups in the modernization and reform and opening up the results and experience. (Jiang Zemins several questions on the partys press
29、 work)Delta adhere to positive propaganda policy does not deny the news features. The characteristics of news, people can make a variety of generalizations, but as far as I see, in addition to the party spirit mentioned above, but also pay attention to authenticity, timeliness and readability. (Li R
30、uihuans policy of adhering to the principle of positive publicity)The writing of second messagesIn the news that special news, it is a social significance for recent and short reports of public interest in the. Therefore, authenticity, timeliness, short words and small space become the basic feature
31、s of the news.Message types(a) dynamic news: dynamic news, domestic and international major events reported this news quickly and timely reports, the building of socialism in the new atmosphere, new achievements, new personalities and new deeds and new experience. Many of the dynamic messages are sh
32、ort messages (short messages, condensed News), content is more onefold, text is more streamlined, often a word, a few lines of text.(two) comprehensive news: also known as “comprehensive news“, refers to a comprehensive reflection of the overall situation, trends, achievements and problems of the ne
33、ws reports.(three) typical news: also called typical news, this is a typical report of typical experience or successful practice of a department or a unit, so as to promote the overall situation and guide the general. The news commentary (four): also known as news commentary, it features besides the
34、 general dynamic message, often described in the news at the same time, by the author directly issued some necessary discussions, concisely express the views of the author. Reporter commentary and current events commentary are two of them.These four types of news are easier to write with dynamic new
35、s, and can often practice writing and improve journalistic writing ability from practice.Two, message writingTo write a message, imagine and answer the questions asked by the reader. These questions form the five elements of the news, namely, When (when), Where (where), Who (He Ren), What, and Why (
36、He Gu). Some journalism supplements one element: HOW. Of the five W and one H, the main thing is What (Who) and (He Ren). When writing, write down these aspects carefully.When we figure out what Im going to say, the next thing is “how to say that.“ obviously, it involves how to arrange the message s
37、tructure. As long as we carefully analyze the newspapers published news, will find the message structure is relatively fixed, simple structure, most of the information is “inverted Pyramid“, namely: the most important materials in the beginning, the secondary material on the back. The message struct
38、ure is shown as follows: title, lead, main body, ending, and the background material is inserted in the text.(a) titleThe headlines are news of the eyes and are well written,To attract readers; to write poorly, a good news will be buried. Thus, the title has a role to recommend to readers. Such as:
39、“two mayors directly concern Dagang oil Lang“ knot “(January 6, 1990 Xinhua dispatches),“ the earth three minutes increased by five hundred people “(July 13, 1996 Xinhua dispatches),“ Hangzhou new things to see new year “carry the book book pay New Years call (February 19, 1991“ liberation Daily “).
40、The title of the message must be concise and accurate to summarize the content of the message and to help the reader understand the facts of the report. The news title theme (Theme), thereview (overline), subtitle (three times Title).Subject: summarize and explain the main facts and ideological cont
41、ent.Response:; ideological significance to reveal a message or explain the background, reasons, atmosphere.A: the fact reported results, or abstract.(two) leadAn introduction is the first natural paragraph or the first sentence of a message. It uses simple and vivid characters to write the most impo
42、rtant and fresh facts in the news, which highlights the main idea of the message.The requirements of the introduction are that one should seize the core of the matter, and two, to attract readers. To achieve the first, it is necessary to have a well-trained analytical ability; to achieve the second,
43、 there must be writing skills.The thinking process of lead writing, usually start with the authors question and answer:What is the most important of the events that have happened?Who was in? Who did it or who said it?Is it a direct introduction or a delayed introduction?Are there any interesting wor
44、ds or vivid phrases that should be written into the introduction?What is the theme? What verbs are most effective in attracting readers?Of the five questions mentioned above, third questions relate to the type of lead. Then what types of lead do you have?One is the direct lead: the direct introducti
45、on of the core of the facts. Mostly declarative, reflecting facts in shorthand.The other is delayed lead: more for soft news. What is reported is not a developing, changing, or unexpected event. It is usually used to set up a scene or create some kind of atmosphere. Mostly explanatory and explanator
46、y.The forms of lead are mainly:1, narrative. Write out the freshest and most important facts in the news in concise or comprehensive way.2, descriptive. A concise, concise, and distinctive description of the main facts or a meaningful aspect of a message to create an atmosphere.3, question type. Fir
47、st expose contradictions, raise questions sharply and sharply, and then make a brief answer, which arouses the readers attention and reflection.4, conclusion. Write the conclusion at the beginning, as of the significance, purpose, or conclusion of something.5, appeal. Make a call for the reader to p
48、oint out his direction and goals.In addition, there are summary, comment, synthesis, interpretation and so on.(three) subjectThis is the backbone of the message. It is followed by the introduction, the introduction of a specific and comprehensive exposition, specific facts or further highlight the c
49、enter, so as to write the content outlined in the lead, to show the theme of the whole message. You should write in chronological order or logical order, but still write first, then write minor.(four) background;1. What is the background? News background refers to the historical background, surroundings and connections with other aspects of the event. Writing news sometimes requires background,The purpose is to help readers understand the content and value of news deeply, and play the role of setting off and deepening the theme, that is, answering the “Why“ in the five
