1、英国历史简介,1.the origins of the English Nation（5000BC-1066AD) 2.the feudal period of the Nation(1066-1485) 3.transition to the Modern Age(1485-1688) 4.the rise and fall of the British Empire(1688-1990) 5.Twentieth century of the English Nation,The Britain of history,一.the Origins of the English Nation,1
2、.the Iberians.(伊比利亚人) 5000BC-55BCThe first known setters of Britain .In this period, more dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge （巨石阵）in Wiltshire（维尔特郡）.,2.The Celts(凯尔特人）,They originally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to Britain in three
3、 main waves (入侵英国的三次高潮）； the first wave was the Gaels盖尔人, the second was Britons（布立吞人） and the third was Belgae（比利其人）.,BBC 凯尔特英国人的历史 (BBC A History of Celtic Britain )导演: Paul King / Arif Nurmohamed / Dick Taylor / Jeff Wilkinson 主演: Neil Oliver / Philip Crummy / Barry Cunliffe 类型: 纪录片,3.Roman Brita
4、in(罗马人统治时的英国） 55BC-410AD,1.Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation. 2.The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts（皮特人）.They were the Hadrians wall 哈德良长城(AD122) running from carlisle to Newcastl
5、e(从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔）， and the Antonine wall 安东尼长城linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde(链接福斯河口和克莱德河口).,Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）,the Hadrians wall,哈德良长城,4.the Anglo Saxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人） 446-871,In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they were three Teutonic
6、tribes 三支日尔曼部落. the Anglo Saxons were organized into tribes ,which were consolidated into seven kingdoms(王国时代）.,seven kingdoms(七王国）,These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have given the name of Heptarch. 这七个主要的王国：肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁，麦西亚和诺
7、森薄利亚合称七王国。,5.The Norman conquest(诺曼征服)1066,The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.,诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起来。,二.the Shaping of the Nation,1.Roman Rule(罗马统治）1066-1381 1)Willi
8、am replaced the witan（贤人会议） , the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief. 威廉用由他的土地承租人组成的大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团贤人会议。2) The Doomsday Book末日审判书completed in 1086, was the result of general survey of England made in 1085, and stated the extent , value, the popula
9、tion, state of cultivation and ownership.末日审判书完成于1086年，它记录了1085年进行的英国总调查结果。此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。,William(威廉一世）,贤人会议（英语：Witenagemot，简写为Witan，古英语：witena gemt）是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰的一个重要政治机构。贤人会议是一种由国王主持召开的、会期不定、人数不等的高层会议，与会者主要有被称为“贤者”或“智者”的高级教士和世俗贵族，包括国王的近臣、王族宠幸和地方长官等。,末日审判书,2.the Great Charter（大宪章）1215,T
10、he Great charter, or Magna Carta,was a statement of feudal and legal relationship between the crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the power of the king.,大宪章陈述的是国王与贵族间的封建和法 律关系，保证了教会自由和限制了王权。,3.the Hundred Years with France（英法 百年战争） 1337-1453,When Edward
11、 claimed the French Crown by the right of his mother Isabella, the French refused to recognize the claim because the Salic Law debarred females from the succession. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last a hundred years.爱德华三世通过他母亲伊莎贝拉的关系宣布继承法国王位，但法国人民拒绝承认，因为萨利法典规定女子不得继承王位，于是在1337年，爱德华对法宣战，战争
12、持续了一百年。,英法百年战争,4.the Black Death(黑死病）,Black Death swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England.1348年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三分之一到一半的英国人口。,5.the Peasant Uprising of 1381（1381年 农民起义）,Although the Peasant Uprising of 1
13、381, or Tylers Rebellion was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. the significace: It dealt a telling blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.它沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路,1381农民起义,三.t
14、ransition to the Modern Age,1.transition to the Modern Age1455-1485 1）the War of Roses(玫瑰战争）1455-1485 2）the English Reformation(宗教改革）,referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间的战争，以红玫瑰为标志的兰开斯特家族和
15、以白玫瑰为标志的约克家族。 they are the two branches of the plantagenet family(金雀花王朝）1154-1399,the Wars of Roses,the reformation,The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. 改革以争取离婚开始，以脱离教皇而告终the aim: to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, and make an inde
16、pendent Church of England. 目的：解除英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。,2.ElizabethI(伊丽莎白一世） 1558-1603,1）Elizabeths religious reform a compromise of views(各种观点的妥协）， she broke Marys ties with Rome and restored her fathers independent Church of England.2) foreign policy For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully playe
17、d against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.,伊丽莎白一世,3.the English Renaissance(文艺复兴） 1350-1650,Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times 1）its first expression最好的表达方式：the so-called Elizabethan drama.所谓的伊丽莎白戏剧 2）Its first exponents 最好的代表人
18、物： Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.克里斯托夫马洛；本琼生和威廉莎士比亚 3) literature: primarily artistic, rather than philosophical scholarly.主要是艺术的，而非哲学及学术的。,文艺复兴时的文学,文艺复兴时的油画,William Shakespeare,4.the Civil Wars(内战）1642-1646,On August 22, 1642, the First Civil War began. The kings men were
19、 called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads. 1642.8.22，第一次内战爆发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。the consequences: The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shocked the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。,
20、5.the Restoration(王政复辟）,when oliver cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regime began to collapse. The Parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late kings son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles. 1660年选出的议会要求上任国王的儿子从长期流亡的法国回国做查尔
21、斯二世，从而解决了危机。,6.the Glorious Revolution(光荣革命） 1688,English politicians rejected James, and appealed to a protestant king, William of Orange to invade and take the English throne. This take-over became known as the Glorious Revolution.英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。,William of Orange,
22、威廉和玛丽,7.the Gunpowder plot of 1605（1605年 火药阴谋案）,The most famous of the Catholic compiracies 最著名的天主教阴谋November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议
23、会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。,四.the rise and fall of the British Empire,1.Whigs and Tories(辉格党和托利党） The Whigs： opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists. The Tories： traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of Engla
24、nd.,2.the Industrial Revolution(工业革命） 1780-1830,The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent change in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指17世纪末，18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。,the result:,Britain was
25、 by 1830 the “workshop of the world”.英国到1830年止成为“世界工场”。,3.the Chartist Movement(宪章运动） 1836-1848,the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. 宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人运动，引起了对许多严重问题的关注。,4.Trade Unions and the Labor Party(工会 和工党）,In 1900, representatives of the trade unions
26、, the ILP, and a number of socialist societies set up the labour representation for the general which changed its name to the labour party in time for the general election for 1906. 1900年，工会代表，独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成立了工人代表委员会。1906年的大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。,5.Colonial Expansion(殖民扩张）,1）the Growth of Dominions(
27、自治领的兴起） 2）the Conquest of India(征服印度） 3）the Scramble for Africa(对非洲的掠夺） 4）Agression against China(侵略中国）,English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”.英国殖民扩张始于1583年纽芬兰的殖民化，到1900年，英国已经建立了“太阳永不落”的大
28、英帝国。,五.Twentieth Century,1.Britain and the Frist World WarDuring world war ， Britain lost over a million people, most of them under age of 25. 一战中英国死亡100多万人口，大多数为25岁以下的年轻人。2.Britain between the two world wars3.Britain and the Second World WarChamberlain was not the man to lead his country in such a
29、crisis, Winston Churchill , his first lord of admiralty took over as Prime Minster in 1940. 张伯伦在危急关头不能领导国家，因此他的首相温斯顿邱吉尔于1940年接替首相职位。,一战中的英国海报,4.Postwar Britain,1）In January, 1973, Britain finally became a member of the Europe Economic Community, which was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.1973年1月，英国只能终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国，共同体是根据1957年的罗马条例成立的。 2）The election of 1979 returned the conservative party to power and Margaret Chatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. 1979年的选举令保守党再次上台，玛格丽特，撒切尔成为英国首位女首相。,thank you,
