1、拖拉机故障分析及诊断方法（Tractor fault analysis and diagnosis method）Tractor fault analysis and diagnostic method.Txt if one day you want to cry, call me, I cant promise to make you laugh, but I can cry with you. The basic smile is strong. Daijiu mask, became the diagnosis methods and the analysis of the skin i
2、s tractor failureI work in the agricultural year, deep agriculture lies in mechanization, the party after the third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, changed the management system and operating system of agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery at present, direct services to f
3、armers, the use of the original collective management, into individual management, can be referred to as “farmers, farm management farmers, maintenance“. Not in place of basic maintenance, inspection and commissioning of the locomotive, appeared to identify, analysis, diagnosis and troubleshooting t
4、imely in the ice with pleasure. Not eliminate failures before they occur, i.e. the error caused by farming, and unnecessary economic loss. In view of the above phenomenon, this paper discusses the fault analysis and diagnosis methods of tractors.A,Causes and signs of tractor failuresThe breakdown of
5、 the tractor is caused by the deterioration of the technical condition of each component, mainly because of the preload or clearance change of the mating parts. But still within the allowable range, the tightening force connection of the torch down at the end of, but there is no loosening, relative
6、friction between moving parts increased, but there is no collision, coordination between the components, such as: change of phase angle, concentricity, no disturbance and so on, then the deterioration of technical condition of tractor is gradually changed, but still within the normal range of techno
7、logy comparison. When the technical condition deteriorated to some extent, it caused the nature of the change is obvious change phenomenon, for example: with a preload disappear, loose connections, components of the relative motion gap due to the collision produced by big work, each part of the comp
8、onents when tractor technology imbalance, sharp decline in state deterioration of work the part performance, ability decreased significantly, which is not functioning properly, until into fault. If the driver can find the fault in time and can be eliminated in time, it can usually avoid serious acci
9、dents. If it is allowed to develop, it will cause personal safety or damage to machinery and equipment and economic losses.Causes of tractor faults can be divided into two categories: one is due to mechanical wear, corrosion and fatigue damage and deformation of the parts, the adjustment of the rela
10、tionship between components and components of the resulting damage caused by fault. The other is due to a reduction in the supply of materials consumed and a dramatic change in working conditions, as well as the failure to operate and maintain the proper adjustment. The former is out of work long we
11、ar, gradually formed in the long use, not easy to find and immediately noticed, often is a comprehensive, more difficult to avoid, need to use complex maintenance, repair means to rule out from the proper use and maintenance of, try to reduce this kind of accidents, to prevent this kind of accident.
12、 After a fault occurs, the cause of the class, is often formed in the brains of time, make people feel a sudden, usually in the maintenance after adjustment or parking in starting time, such as the engine can be started, the tractor can not work such good fault exclusion.We should adhere to the prin
13、ciple of prevention to repair faults and accidents happened to strengthen locomotive tractors, daily maintenance, strictly abide by the rules of operation, it can eliminate failures before they occur, at the same time, we must strive to learn to master the law of the driver of tractor failure, learn
14、 to analyze the fault, and troubleshooting methods and judgment ability.Two, tractor malfunction performance:Tractors have all kinds of faults, which are called fault signs. Failure occurs in general with a certain audible, visible, olfactory, touchable, measurable properties. There are several poin
15、ts below:1, the role of abnormal. Such as: the engine is not easy to start, clutch separation is not complete, the brakes in the brake failure, the generator does not generate electricity, pick up gear difficult, the engine speed is not normal2, the sound is not normal, in addition to diesel engine
16、cold or low-speed operation, there is knock missing sound and parts of the normal friction sound,Can also listen to some abnormal sound, such as the collision of parts, the noise of gas when passing through the small hole, the noise of combustible mixture burning in the combustion outdoor.3, the tem
17、perature is normal, such as: engine overheating, transmission, after the bridge overheating, overheating of the generator, multi cylinder engine exhaust branch temperature difference is too large.4, the appearance of abnormal, such as: exhaust pipe white, black, blue smoke, oil spills, water leakage
18、 and leakage, the joystick free travel changes, moving wheels swinging, lights flashing, and body shaking.5, smell unusual, such as: exhaust with not all combustion of diesel and oil flavor, rubber and insulation materials burnt smell.6, abnormal consumption, such as: excessive consumption of fuel,
19、lubricating oil and water, oil surface, water surface and liquid level change abnormally, the level changes too fast.These abnormal phenomena are related to each other and will appear simultaneously as a fault sign.Three, tractor fault inspection methodsIn the operation of the engine and tractor dri
20、ving conditions, the driver must rely on the ears, eyes, nose, body organs such as feeling, the technical state of the whole body to do a comprehensive inspection and judgment, improve the technical state of the locomotive operations in the understanding of the syndrome identification and judgment o
21、f fault to be like. Advance in the prevention of failure, troubleshooting. The fault diagnosis of tractor in operation depends mainly on the sense of the body organs of the driver and the judgement of the technical state of the locomotive. These methods are called empirical method. Our commonly used
22、 means of empirical examination are:1, auscultation, according to the sound characteristics of locomotive operation, roughly judge the technical state of the fitting, called auscultation. Listen with the ears when the engine is running directly if there is abnormal sound obvious, and with the aid of
23、 a long screwdriver handle directly contradict the corresponding positions of auscultation, its purpose is to eliminate or reduce the interference of other sound, the crank, connecting rod, valve, rocker arm, timing gear chamber sound good judgment. Uneven exhaust cylinder knocking, you can take mor
24、e than a dozen steps away from the car, auscultation will be better.The tractor load under different circumstances, with the sound of each component is not the same, the change of working conditions, more conducive to the resolution of sound occurrence department, to determine the technical conditio
25、n of the locomotive with powder method of auscultation, the engine should be carried out in a preheated, but individual sound cold car to listen to this more clearly. Usually in the medium speed, rapid, or gradual acceleration and sudden change in engine speed and engine sound auscultation method, r
26、esolution, use of idle, steering and driving load to auscultation gearbox, rear axle, decelerating and sound.Auscultation should “resolution engine knock“ and other parts of the sound phase difference, the diesel engine knocking sound is from combustion gas pressure shock metal sound, diesel engine
27、in general in the rapid operation, will emit crisp and powerful and uniform knocking sound, is a normal phenomenon, with the change of speed the load, the strength of the volume change, can be considered a normal phenomenon.The friction between the various components of the clearance size directly a
28、ffects the components and components, will collide in different degrees, clearance of the lubricating component will affect the gap increases to a certain degree of friction sound will be converted to knock. Gear rotation, Shua friction sound if issued uniform and regular, show normal engagement. If
29、 a strong blow sound, it shows that the tooth surface is seriously flaking or too large gap. “Ow“ sound, is mainly due to tooth or tooth pitch error, if the sound is strong and depressing, it may be the bad tooth, the radial clearance of the engaged teeth or too small, can hear the intermittent perc
30、ussion, may be serious bearing wear.It is worth noting that the Ministry of sound: Tractor models for different and same type of locomotive are also different, so to distinguish between normal and abnormal sound, must be familiar with the vehicle or the vehicle normal sound characteristics can be ob
31、tained by auscultation sound and normal sound comparison, sound position and differential fault.2, observation: mainly to observe the parts of the external and assembly shape and movement, such as the color of the exhaust,The color of lube oil, crankcase oil filler cap at the gas situation, all kind
32、s of meter reading, and change the lubricating oil level. Leaks, leaks, spills, etc. Such as: diesel engine exhaust should be normal, no smoke or light is grey smoke, cold idle exhaust should turn pale white, the engine burns lampblack appear blue, we can judge the technical status of engine accordi
33、ng to the diesel engine exhaust color.3, touch: hand touch parts or bearing parts, with the feeling to determine whether the work of the machine is normal, generally speaking, feel that the hand is temperature, vibration. The temperature is around 40 degrees, feel mechanical temperature, fever, feel
34、 hot, but also touch a few minutes, the temperature in the 50 - 60 degrees, if you cant bear to touch hot, is in 80 parts of temperature above 90 degrees.When engine is running, the high pressure oil injection pump touch by hand, we can feel the pulse of the high-pressure tubing in oil, can roughly
35、determine the cylinder oil, tractor working load in a period of time, after parking, touch the corresponding parts bearing the temperature of the hand, can judge the situation.4. Sniffing: smelling smoke and burning smells that help to detect and determine the location of certain faults.Four: Tracto
36、r fault diagnosis method1, partition methodAgricultural workers in locomotive fault analysis process, commonly used intermittently stop or cut off a part of, a system of work, to observe signs of failure to make goods show more obvious signs of failure, in order to determine the fault location or pa
37、rts in the analysis of multi cylinder engine fault, commonly used off cylinder method, followed by intermittent the multi cylinder engine of a cylinder or stop the oil ignition, make a cylinder stop working temporarily for auscultation, the cylinder signs change, identify the fault is local or unive
38、rsal, in order to determine the fault position.2, comparative lawIn the analysis of a fault, such as a component suspected of using a new part of the replacement or replacement of the same part of the method to determine whether the fault occurred and the location of the occurrence.3, verification m
39、ethod4, for example, to certain parts and parts of locomotive, we use exploratory adjustment and exploratory elimination to observe the change of the phenomenon, so as to verify whether the conclusion of the fault analysis is practical. When several abnormal phenomena occur at the same time, the cau
40、se of the fault is not related to the adjustment, it is often difficult to distinguish the cause of the fault, and the better results can be obtained by means of verification. For some component faults, a tentative adjustment is used to verify the validity of the doubt. The tentative measures should
41、 be taken to decrease disassembly, should avoid components will be split into parts, tentative adjustment, consideration should be given to the possibility to restore the original state, and confirm without undue adverse consequences, the height should be avoided in several parts debugging parts, to
42、 avoid confusion and delusion.The tractor fault analysis, diagnosis, judgment and many specific measures, in short, should flexibly use the principle and method of fault detection and diagnosis analysis, concrete analysis of concrete failure, the structure principle of contact machine, clear signs o
43、f failure, according to “from the outside to the inside, from simple to complex“ principle, as little as possible to remove, dont blind indiscriminate demolition of indiscriminate dumping, and violent dismantling, we strengthen the timely discovery, analysis, judgment and troubleshooting experience and ability in practice.
