1、体验汉语基础教程 （上） 讲师 : 袁斌 课程： 基础汉语（下） 语音 PHONETICS 讲师 袁斌 课程 体验汉语基础教程（上） 语音 Phonetics 音节是汉语的语音单位。一般来说，一个音节就是一个汉字。汉语的音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三部分组成。 The syllable is a phonetic unit in Chinese. Generally speaking, a syllable is a Chinese character and it is usually composed of an initial, a final and a tone. Syllables
2、Initial Final Tone syllable b b b b a a i e a o i a o b bi bo bio Phonetics 声母是音节开头的部分。普通话有 21个声母。 The initial is the beginning of a syllabus. There are 21 initials in Mandarin Chinese. 韵母是音节中声母后面的部分。普通话有 39个韵母。 The final is what follows the initial in a syllable. There are 39 finals in Mandarin Chi
3、nese. Initials and Finals Formula for Chinese Phonetic Transcription (Pinyin) Initials b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s Finals Single finals a o e i u Compound finals ai ei ao ou ia ie ua uo e iao iou (iu) uai uei (ui) Nasal finals an ian uan an en in uen (un) n ang iang uang eng ing uen
4、g ong iong Retroflex finals er Special finals -i (zi) -i (zhi) Initials and Finals Formula for Chinese Phonetic Transcription (Pinyin) Initials b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s i u a ia ua o uo e ie e ai uai ei uei(ui) Finals ao iao ou iou(iu) an ian uan an en in uen(un) n ang iang uang
5、eng ing ueng ong iong Pronunciation Drills The mono final syllables ba pa ma fa da ta na la ga ka ha bo po mo fo de te ne le ge ke he bi pi mi di ti ni li bu pu mu fu du tu nu lu n l The compound final syllables gai gei gao gou gua guo guai gui lia lie liao liu le kai kei kao kou kua kuo kuai kui ni
6、e niao niu ne Pronunciation Drills The nasal-ended final syllables ban ben bang beng pan pen pang peng man men mang meng fan fen fang feng dan dang deng dong tan tang teng tong nan nang neng nong lan lang leng long nuan luan bin bing pin ping min ming lin ling nin ning Pronunciation Drills The sylla
7、bles with initials j, q, x ji qi xi j q x je qe xe jin jing jian jiang qian qiang xian xiang The syllables with initials zh, ch, sh, r and z, c, s zhi chi shi ri zi ci si zhe che she re ze ce se zhan chan shan ran zan can san zhang chang shang rang zang cang sang zhong chong rong zong cong song Pron
8、unciation Drills The syllables initiated by y and w yi wu yu wa wo wai wei wan wen wang weng yin ying yan yang yun yuan yong Tones 声调是一个音节发音时高低升降的变化。在汉语中，声调尤为重要，因为它有区别意义的作用。现代汉语语音有四个基本声调， 用 “ ”、“ ”、“ ”、“ ”来表示。第一声 55、第二声 35、第三声 214、第四声 51。 The tone refers to the rise and fall of a syllable and it is
9、especially important in Chinese because it is used to disinguish meanings. There are four basic tones in modern Chinese pronunciation and they are marked with “” 、“ ”、“ ”、“ ” . Tones There are 5 tones in Chinese mandarin, 4 basic tones and 1 neutral tone. In the pinyin system, they are indicated by
10、tone graphs. Namely, (the first tone), (the second tone), (the third tone), (the fourth tone) and the neutral tone which is not marked. The tones are used to distinguish meanings. That is to say, Syllables that are identical in initials and finals but different in tones can bear different meanings.
11、To pronounce tones correctly is very important. Otherwise it will be quite difficult for others to understand you. 妈 m mom 汤 tng soup 打算 dsun plan 麻 m hemp 糖 tng sugar 大蒜 dsun garlic 马 m horse 躺 tng lie 上海 shnghi Shanghai 骂 m scold 烫 tng boiling hot 伤害 shnghi hurt Tones Four basic tones drills b b b
12、 b m m m m h h h h p p p p f f f f l l l l sho sho sho sho chn chn chn chn shu shu shu shu zu zu zu zu cun cun cun cun sn sn sn sn The neutral tone In Chinese pronunciation there are some syllables that lose their original tones and are pronounced very soft and short. This is known as the neutral to
13、ne which is identified by the absence of a tone mark. Please read the following words aloud. mma bba gge jijie mom dad brother sister mngzi shnme ho ma n ne name what ok How about you? wde nmen li le ch ba my you tired Lets eat Exercises Read the following initials aloud b(a) p(a) m(o) f(o) d(e) t(e
14、) n(e) l(e) g(u) k(u) h(u) J(iao) q(iao) x(iao) z(ui) c(ui) s(ui) zh(eng) ch(eng) sh(eng) r(eng) Read the following finals aloud (m)a (h)e (l) (n)i (t)an (g)ai (x)ie (zh)ao (k)uai (j)iao (sh)ua (b)ei (m)ai (b)ie (p)en (f)ang Exercises Initials and finals discrimination bp dt g k j q x zh ch sh f p n
15、 l m n z c s a e e u i i u a o e o ai ei ao ou uo ou ie ia uei ei iou iao ie e Read the following syllables aloud o o o o wi wi wi wi yu yu yu yu yn yn yn yn m m m m b b b b p p p p gu gu gu gu sh sh sh sh qin qin qin qin Exercises Read the following syllables aloud qng gn w d tng shu n xinzi shngk
16、hnho xixi yxi xik Finals discrimination 现在上课。 Xinzi shng k. Now class begins. 请跟我读。 Qng gn w d. Please read after me. 请你读。 Qng n d. Please read it. 你听，我说。 N tng, w shu. You listen and I speak. 很好。 Hn ho. Very good. 休息一下。 Xixi yxi. Take a break. 下课。 Xi k. Class is over. Practice neutral tones: Read t
17、he following words aloud 1 + o gge elder brother t de his zhuzi desk 2 + o fngzi house shu de whose li ba come 3 + o jijie elder sister lbian inside zu ba Lets go 4 + o mimei younger sister yoshi key xixie thank Retroflexed Ending The final “er” is usually attached to another final to form a retrofl
18、ex final. When thus used, it is no longer an independent syllable. A retroflex final is represented by the letter “r” added to the final. n er nr where n nr there zh zhr here hu hur flower wn wnr play nnhi nnhir boy nhi nhir girl Change of Tone 变调指音节在连续发音过程中发生的声调的变化。包括三声的变调、“一”和“不”的变调。 The tone chan
19、ge refers to the change that a tone undergoes in the pronouncing process, including the changes of the third tone, “yi” and “bu”. 1. 当两个第三声相连时，第一个字的声调变为第二声。 When there are two consecutive third-tone character (syllables) together, the first should be pronounced with the second tone while the tone of
20、 the second character (syllable) stays unchanged. n ho n ho Changes of the third tone Practice the change of the third tone: Read the following words aloud according to their actual pronunciations ysn gungchng lngdo zngtng umbrella square leader president shugu shutng ji bi w din fruit barrel nine h
21、undred five oclock zo q wn q n ho dso get up early get up late hello to clean Change of Tone 2. 第三声的字在第一、二、四声和轻声前面时要变成“半三声”。也就是只读第三声前半段的降调部分。 When a character (syllable) in the third tone precedes one in the first, second, fourth or neutral tones, it is pronounced in the “half” third tone, that is,
22、the tone only falls (a little like a shortened fourth tone) and doesnt rise. losh (teacher) hn nn (very difficult) hn d (very big) o o wmen (we, us) Practice the half-third tone: Read the following words aloud losh koy d ch huch teacher roast duck call a taxi train ho rn lxng hn mng xiohir a good pe
23、rson travel very busy child ty mi fn mil zul sports buy some food beautiful walk xhuan lo de w de zubian like old my left Change of Tone 2. Changes of the tone of “y” “一”后面一个字的声调是第一声、第二声、第三声时，“一”读为第四声；后面一个字的声调是第四声时，“一”读为第二声。 When “yi” is followed by a character whose tone is the first, second or thi
24、rd, it should take the fourth tone. When it is followed by a character with the fourth tone, it should take the second tone. Change of Tone 2. Changes of the tone of “y” y tin y y y nin yq y y ydng Changes of the tone of “y” yzh tnggu y r qinl y tin do wn y zh bn ji y yn wi dng y wng zh qin y xn y y
25、 d nin chy Change of Tone 3. Changes of the tone of “b” “不”后面一个字的声调是第四声时，“不”读为第二声。 When “b” is followed by a character with the fourth tone, “b” should take the second tone. b go b b b mng b ho b b b kqi Changes of the tone of “b” b tng b sun b xu b tin b xi b k b sun b l b gn b jng b wn b wn b x b bi b jin b sn Exercises Read the following syllables aloud b pi m fn do tng n l gu kng hn jio qi x zun cng s zhn chng shu r
