1、a英语国家概况精讲:第一章 英国的国土与人民Chapter 1: Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.
2、The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1) England is in the sout
3、hern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。
4、(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded
5、in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. I
6、t is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南 的英 海 和 的北海 它与欧洲其它部分隔 。2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeastare mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部 是高地, 部和 南部 是低地。III. Rivers and
7、 Lakes 与 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).斯山为英国最高 ,海 1,343 。Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).是英国最 的 。 338 。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).士 是英国第 大 , 是英国最 的 。 336 。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain whic
8、h is located in Northern Ireland.(396 square kilometres).( )是英国最大的 ,位于北爱尔兰。 为396方 。River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 是苏格兰最 的 。Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.(1,085m)斯 currency1是威尔士的最高,海 1,085 。IV. Climate “1. Britains favorable climate 英国有 的“:Britain has a maritime cli
9、mate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英国fi于海洋fl“: 不于, 不于。 年有”的 ,“ 小。2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:英国“的:1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal
10、 differences by heating upthe land in winter and cooling it off in summer; 四的海。 ,海”岛 “高, “低, 的 2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四 的西南 和西 大西洋 、 的“,“ 3)The North Atla
11、ntic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋 不列颠群岛西海岸,“ 。3.Rainfall :Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the so
12、uth and east.英国 年 , 1000 。 英国北部、西部 ,但是南部、 部有所。V. The People 人口1.population distribution 人口分 :Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), th
13、e Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).英国人口 570万,分 不 ,90%是 人口, 有10%是 人口。英国人口组成为:英格兰人(81.5%),苏格兰人(9.6%),威尔士人(1.9%),爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其民 民。2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:英三岛民 的:The ancestors o
14、f the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格兰人fi于格 人, 苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人fi于 尔特人。3.The difference in character个fl 别:The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proudof their past.威尔士人感情丰富,情绪高涨,爱音乐,为去感 自豪。The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious
15、 and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎 且 俭,但是们同样 情、大方且友好。The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力,生fl活泼。4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的 别:Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC Engl
16、ish; In northern England,regional speech is usually “broader“ than that of southern England. 南方人讲的英语接近BBC,北英格兰人的发音通常 比南英格兰人宽。5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式们的语言及 保持活力。Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The gre
17、at event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.一年中们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌 。一年中最 的 日是 国诗歌音乐比赛会。 那会举 威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。6.The main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存 的 问题:The fight between the Protestants who are the dominan
18、t group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 为统治者的新教徒和 求更社会、政治及 济权 的罗马 教徒之间的斗争。7.Immigrants: 移民:About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.自 战以 有三百万人 英国生活、工 。英语国家概况精讲:第 章 英国的 源Chapter 2:The Origins of a Na
19、tion (5000BC-1066) 英国的 源( 元前5000年1066年)I.Early Settlers (5000BC-55BC)早期的 民( 元前5000年 元前55年)1The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早 民是 比 人。2 At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.元前2000年,现 的荷兰和茵兰地区 了宽口陶器人。3 The Celts began to
20、 arrive Britain about 700 BC.元前700年,尔特人 不列颠岛。4 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 尔特人 不列颠有三次高。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高是 元前600年盖尔人的 临。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第 次高是 元前400年 立吞(不列颠)人的抵达。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第
21、三次是 元前150年比 其人的 达。II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD) 罗马人统治时期的英国( 元前55年410年)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was un
22、der the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史 始于罗马人的入侵。 元前55年和54年,罗马 军朱略斯? 撒两次入侵英国, 未成功。直 元43年,劳锹才成功占领不列颠。 近四百年 ,英国人处于罗马人的占领下,但这并非是完的占领。2. Romans influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural re
23、sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.罗马人修建了许 镇网, , , 和其建 。们 好地 了英国的自然 源。罗马人 教这 新 教 不列颠。3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.罗马 不列颠的有 的 。First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.Second, never during the 4 centuries di
24、d the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.首,罗马人 不列颠人 的fi民 。其次, 四 罗马人和不列颠人通 。最 ,罗马人 未 通不列颠人的语言和 。前 ,网友Samy 了 一个 好的建。是 个部分的讲前, 一下 次讲的 currency1。 “有了这样的 ,”以们一了然,然 fi 的fl体 currency1,比较currency1 理。但是由于这个 是 自 成,有 地方” 存 一 , 望大友。Summa
25、ry: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.( :这是第 章“国家的 源”的第 部分。 这一部分 , 是
26、了英国 元446年 1066年所发生的 ”及人 。这 ”分别是格 撒 人的入侵,北欧海和人的入侵及 征)。III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)格 撒 人( 元446871年)1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.格 时 (了英国的 )In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came toBritain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fish
27、ed and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second ha
28、lf of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Nort
29、humbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 中,朱特人、撒 人和格 人不入侵不列颠。这是三日 ()部 。 朱特兰岛(现南部)上” 的朱特人抵不列颠。 国北部 的 的撒 人 撒斯、苏 斯和威 斯建立了王国,统治期 至 。 ,同样 自国北部的格 人, 格 currency1、西currency1以及 ,同时 们 名 了英国人。这 个 王国( 特、 斯、苏 斯、威 斯、 格 currency1、西currency1和 currency1),合称为 王国。2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity
30、.最早的格 撒 人 教。The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen Englis
31、h to Christianity. In579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.格 撒 人 日 教 了英国。 了 尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的尔特人 教
32、 , 教 了。 元597,教 格 高一 罗马 修 的 斯丁 英格兰,其 是 教徒的英国人 教。 元579年 丁成为特 大 教。 国王和 教方 ,斯丁特别成功。但是 通人的 大 上功于北部修士们的教活 。3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.早期格 撒 人为英国 的。The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire
33、courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen) to
34、advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.格 撒 人为英国国家的成下了 。首,们 国家 分为 , 法 和 法官、 政司法官负责执法。其次,们设计的窄三圃田 制延 至18 。此 ,们 建立了领地制。最 ,们 创立了会(贤人会),向国王提供建,这成为了今 仍存 的枢密 的 。IVViking and Danish invasions北欧海和人的入侵1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various part
35、s of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingd
36、om of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和人,8 始,们不袭击英格兰的各个地方。9 ,尤其是 元835-878年间已成为严 问题。们甚至占领了 , 元867年时的 教中心。 9 中,北欧海和人威胁 撒 人的威撒斯王国的 。2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions艾尔弗 国王(849-899)和所 的Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained contro
37、l of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin bookinto English. He also established sch
38、ools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”阿尔弗 是威 斯的国王。败了人,并于 元879年与们达成了友好协。协规人控制英格兰北部和西部(法区), 统治其地区。 劝一 首领成为 教徒。为建立了强大舰队, 以“英国海军之父”闻名于 。 组了“弗立”(撒 军队),之更为高效。 一 拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时 建立了学校,并且阐明了法律制。所有这一切 之无愧于“阿尔弗 大王。”的称号。VThe Norman Conquest (1066) 征( 元1066年)1Reasons
39、for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. 威廉 爱华死 入侵英国的 。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but theWitan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold
40、 and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.据说,爱华国王曾答应 英格兰王位 底 爵威廉,但是贤人会挑选了哈罗为国王。 元1066年10月, 哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中,威廉败了哈罗军队,同时哈罗 此战争中战死。2The Norman Conquest and its consequences 征及其产生的。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-k
41、nown event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established
42、in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civilcourts.1066年的
43、征 许是英国历史上的最著名”。征者威廉几乎没收了所有土地, 其分发 的 追随者。 强有力的 政府 替了软弱的 政府。于是,封建制 英国完 建立。 放了与欧洲大陆的关系, 明和商业“ 发展,引进了 法国 、语言、举止和建 。教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法 与 俗法 分离。3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestorsof many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of
44、the Norman-French origin.英国是一个集不同民 于一体的国家。许英国人的是格 和撒 人。 有一 英国人的是 血统。英语国家概况精讲:第三章 英国的成Chapter 3:The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英国的成( 元1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 统治( 元1066-1381)1. Williams Rule (1066-1087)威廉一 的统治( 元1066-1087)Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror威廉
45、统治下的英国封建制Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were sc
46、attered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale w
47、ere the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. 威廉统治下,英国的封建制“ 完 确立。根据此制,国王拥有 国所有土地。威廉 英国的大片土地分 ,是换取 方役和收租。这 地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者不 联合 反叛国王。已成为国王土地承租人的 又 土地分配 小 、
48、骑士和自由民,同样换取货 和役。 封建等级底层的是 。英国封建制独有的特色是,无论是土地承租人 是 佃户,都 效 于直接领 , 且 效 于国王。2. King Henry II and his reforms国王和的 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.制的 。Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephens time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs an