1、Unit 2,Text A :Going Global,Background,跨国公司是指:通过直接投资,设立并支配国外分支机构和子公司,凭借雄厚的资本和先进的技术,按“全球战略”在世界范围内从事国际生产、销售或其它经营活动,获取垄断高额利润的国际垄断企业 . 跨国公司(Transnational Corporation),又称多国公司(Multi-national Enterprise)、国际公司(International Firm)、超国家公司(Supernational Enterprise) 和宇宙公司(Cosmo-corporation),特征:跨国公司有三个最基本的特征: (1)
2、跨国性; (2)战略的全球性和管理的集中性; (3)公司内部的相互联系性(通过控股、合同来达到控制)。 作用:跨国公司是经济全球化的产物,也是经济全球化的推动者,二者相辅相成。而WTO的建立,就是为了促进贸易自由化,降低以至打破各国的贸易壁垒,促进货物、服务、技术等的自由流动。,世界500强企业是美国财富排出来的,最权威排名 公司名称 中文名称 总部所在地 主要业务 营业收入/百万美元1 Exxon Mobil 埃克森美孚 美国 炼油 210,392.002 Wal-Mart Stores 沃尔玛商店 美国 零售 193,295.003 General Motors 通用汽车 美国 汽车 18
3、4,632.004 Ford Motor 福特汽车 美国 汽车 180,598.005 DaimlerChrysler 戴姆勒克莱斯勒 德国 汽车 150,069.706 Royal Dutch/Shell Group 皇家荷兰壳牌集团 荷兰/英国 炼油 149,146.007 BP 英国石油 英国 炼油 148,062.008 General Electric 通用电气 美国 电子电气 129,853.009 Mitsubishi 三菱商事 日本 多样化 126,579.4010 Toyota Motor 丰田汽车 日本 汽车 121,416.2068 Sinopec 中国石化 中国 石油化
4、工 45,346.00,企业社会责任,企业社会责任(Corporate social responsibility,简称CSR)是指企业在创造利润、对股东承担法律责任的同时,还要承担对员工、消费者、社区和环境的责任,企业的社会责任要求企业必须超越把利润作为唯一目标的传统理念,强调要在生产过程中对人的价值的关注,强调对环境、消费者、对社会的贡献。,八大社会责任,明礼诚信 科学发展 可持续发展 保护环境 文化建设 发展慈善事业 保护职工健康 发展科技,英语文章的结构,文章和段落在长度上有明显不同,但是在结构上是非常相似的。段落通常由一个主题句引出,接着是一系列说明主题句的细节,最后是结尾句。同样,
5、文章是由篇首段、主体段和结论段三部分组成。引言段揭示主题,正文部分对主题分点阐述,结论段对全文归纳总结。同时,无论文章还是段落都要遵循一致性和连贯性的原则。可以说,文章是段落的扩展,段落是文章的缩影。,段落结构的组织有如下四种方式,1.演绎型(general-specific):即段落开头先给一个General statements,之后为Specific sentences。这种段落组织模式最为常见,而且多应用于说明、解释类主题结构的文章中。2.匹配型(matching):段落的发展主线为两种事物之间的类比,可以是两种事物各自优缺点的一一对应,也可以是先介绍完一个事物,再接着介绍另一个事物。
6、这种结构多用于比较类主题结构的文章中。3.假设真实型(hypothetical-real):即作者先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张和观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张和观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。这种组织结构常见于反驳类主题结构的文章中。4.问题解决型(problem-solution):首先陈述文章背景(situation),在该背景下问题(problem)提出,然后给出问题的解决方法(solution)或对该问题的反应(response),最后评估该方法(evaluation)。该模式常用于科学论文和新闻报道主题结构的文章中。,Reading for the gist,Scan
7、the subtitles and answer the following questions 1. what is the situation of CSR in Britain? 2. what is going on in America? In Russia? In Brazil and India? 3. how does China deal with CSR? 4. why does the author say “ NGOs can be a conduit for corporate responsibility in emerging market? 5. why is
8、CSR a figleave?,Notes on the texts,1. And its true that Britain, especially London, has been a hive of innovation in CSR since the mid-1990s, thanks to a creative cluster of think-tanks, NGOs, consultancies and inventive bosses. 由于聚集了一批具有创造力的智囊图、非政府组织、咨询顾问、和富有创造力的老板,英国, 已经成为企业社会责任改革创新的中心。,2. the lea
9、d on CSR could even shift from rich word to the big emerging markets, each with its own traditional and priorities. The lead: 首位, 最先的地位。E.g.: lose the lead 丧失领先地位 Priority: (工作的)重点, 优先 E.g.: the government gave top priority to reforming the electoral system,3. for global companies this means that a
10、one-size-fits-all approach to corporate responsibility may not work.对于跨国公司而言, 这意味着用以不变应万变的方式承担企业社会责任可能行不通。 one-size-fits-all: 从字面理解,其意思是“使用所有(物品)的一个尺寸”, 在这里指跨国公司适用于各地分公司的一套企业社会责任的方案。,4. India has a long tradition of paternalistic philanthropy. Big-family-owned firms such Tata are particularly active
11、 in providing basic services 印度具有家长式慈善行为的悠久传统。 Paternalistic: 家长式作风的 Paternalism: 家长主义,家长式管理或作风,patr(i), pater= father, fatherland 父,祖,祖国,patriarch arch长家长,族长 patriarchy 父权制 patrimony 祖传的遗物,遗产 patricide cide 杀杀父(者) paternal 父亲的,父系的 paternalism 家长式传统 paternalistic 家长式的 paternality 父亲的身分,父权,父系,5. Chin
12、ese investment is pouring in to secure access to raw materials needed for Chinas turbocharged economy. turbocharged economy: 表示中国飞速增长的经济想装有涡轮增压发动机, 增长势头强劲。,6. And as more investment flows to developed countries from Russia, China and the Middle East, this may color attitudes in Western boardrooms to
13、o. How much will sovereign wealth funds care about corporate responsibility? Color: v. 影响 e.g.: you must be aware that personal feelings may color judgment.,sovereign wealth funds: 主权财富基金,所谓主权财富(Sovereign Wealth),与私人财富相对应,是指一国政府通过特定税收与预算分配、可再生自然资源收入和国际收支盈余等方式积累形成的,由政府控制与支配的,通常以外币形式持有的公共财富。传统上,主权财富管理
14、方式非常被动保守,对本国与国际金融市场影响也非常有限。随着近年来主权财富得利于国际油价飙升和国际贸易扩张而急剧增加,其管理成为一个日趋重要的议题。国际上最新的发展趋势是成立主权财富基金(Sovereign Wealth Funds,SWFs),并设立通常独立于央行和财政部的专业投资机构管理这些基金。,7. Companies can select from an extensive menu of standards and guidelines to remain up to scratch, on human rights and much else. There are guidelin
15、es from the ILO and the OECD , as well as standards such as ISO14001( for the environment) and SA 8000( for human rights). up to scratch: 合格, 符合标准, e.g.: Is her schoolwork up to scratch?,ILO: International Labor Organization OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentISO14001: Intern
16、ational Standard OrganizationSA 8000: Social Accountability 8000,Answers,I. 1. In order to illustrate that each country takes its own traditions and priorities into consideration when developing the CSR industry. 2. Because NGOs are trying to improve the living standards in poor communities, which c
17、oincides with the CSR industry in emerging markets.,3. Because CSR in recent years has been driven by globalization. If markets stay open, it will continue to spread. 4. Foreign investors and global companies in China want to apply their ethical standards across their supply chain. Chinese companies
18、 that want to go global themselves are starting to realize that they will have to pay attention to CSR as part of their effort to gain acceptability and build their brand.,Translation,1. 随着金砖四国()以及其他新兴市场的经济影响力和自信不断增强, 发展重点方面的差异一定会变得越来越重要。 2.非政府组织试图提高贫困人民的生活水平, 公司则渴望赢得具有巨大增长潜力的市场中的消费者, 非政府组织和公司之间存在着利
19、益趋同现象。 3. 要签署加入联合国全球契约,公司只需承诺履行十大主要准则, 例如提高环保的责任意识, 反对腐败, 并且每年汇报一次他们取得的进展。,Glossary,CSR Think-tank NGO Sustainability Corporate citizenship One-size-fits-all Priority The lead Paternalistic Lobby group,Glossary,Turbocharged economy Convergence of interests Sustainable-development Collaboration Micro
20、finance Accountability Up to scratch,Glossary,ILO OECDISO14001SA 8000,Text B,Sony Is Not Japan,Sony,Sony Corporation or commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. Sonys principal business operations include Sony Corporation (Son
21、y Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Ericsson, and Sony Financial. As a semiconductor maker, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders,段落结构的组织有如下四种方式,1.演绎型(general-specific):即段落开头先给一个General statemen
22、ts,之后为Specific sentences。这种段落组织模式最为常见,而且多应用于说明、解释类主题结构的文章中。2.匹配型(matching):段落的发展主线为两种事物之间的类比,可以是两种事物各自优缺点的一一对应,也可以是先介绍完一个事物,再接着介绍另一个事物。这种结构多用于比较类主题结构的文章中。3.假设真实型(hypothetical-real):即作者先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张和观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张和观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。这种组织结构常见于反驳类主题结构的文章中。4.问题解决型(problem-solution):首先陈述文章背景(situat
23、ion),在该背景下问题(problem)提出,然后给出问题的解决方法(solution)或对该问题的反应(response),最后评估该方法(evaluation)。该模式常用于科学论文和新闻报道主题结构的文章中。,Reading the Text,Questions: 1. Why is Sony not Japan?(para1, 13) 2. What kind of problem is Sony facing?(para2-11) 3. What is Stringers policy to further Sonys growth? (para12),Notes on the t
24、exts,1. when Sony , the faltering share price jumped. 持续走低的股价暴涨。 Faltering: 在文章中形容持续低迷的股价。,2. With a stroke, Sony joined the tiny club of Japanese companies with foreign bosses.此举一出, 索尼公司便成了日企中为数不多的有外国老板操控的企业。 Stroke: 一个成功或有效的行动或事情。 E.g.: your idea was a stroke of genius! 你的主意真了不起,3. Consider this:
25、Japans recent recovery has been driven by exports, spreading hope worldwide that the economic engine of Asia is back in gear. the economic engine of Asia: 亚洲经济引擎, 这里指日本经济, 暗示了日本经济在亚洲经济中的重要地位。 In gear: 处于正常状态。,4. While Toyota is poised to conquer GM in the American market, Sony is getting trounced th
26、ere by Apple in the hot digital-music-player market. 正当丰田公司准备在美国市场征服通用汽车公司时, 索尼公司在热门的数字音乐播放器市场被苹果公司打得一败途地。 Be poised to: 准备行动 E.g.: Combined Breweries is poised to take over British Beer Company. Trounce: 将打得大败. E.g.: Wales were trounced 5-0 by Poland.,5. Here too Sony is odd man out. 在此索尼又是个例外。 Odd
27、 man out: 与集体不融洽的人, 不合群者。 此处用这个词组来表达日本多数企业已经开始盈利, 而索尼仍在亏损, 不在此群体之内。,6. the fading glory of Sonys brand name has become a Catch-22, analysts say: , it undermines the 50% price premium that it can still attach to many of its products. 索尼渐隐的品牌效应使企业进退两难, 分析家认为, Catch-22: 进退维谷,左右为难。E.g.; you cannot get a
28、 job if you havent got experience, and you cannot get experience if you havent got a job it is a catch-22. Undermine: 逐渐削弱或暗中破坏 E.g.: Self-confidence undermined by repeated failures.,Under-,1.下 Underground 地下的 underworld 下层社会 underfoot在脚下 underwrite写于之下 undersea在海底 underlay 置于之下 underline划线于之下 under
29、side下侧,下面 2.内(用于衣服) Underclothing 内衣裤 underthings女子内衣裤 undershirt 贴身内衣 underskirt 衬裙 undervest贴身内衣 undrtshorts 内裤,衬裤underwear (总称)内衣 undershorts 短衬裤,3.不足,少 Underpay付资不足 underdeveloped不发达的 underproduction 生产不足 underdress 穿衣太少 underestimate 估计不足 underfed 喂的太少 undermanned 人员不足 undersized 不够大的 underpopu
30、lated人口稀少的 underwork少做工作 4.副,次 Underagent副代理人 underking 副王,小王 underofficer 下级官员 undersecretary 次长,副部长,price premium,Price premium, or relative price, is the percentage by which a products selling price exceeds (or falls short of) a benchmark price. Marketers need to monitor price premiums as early i
31、ndicators of competitive pricing strategies. Changes in price premiums can also be signs of product shortages, excess inventories, or other changes in the relationships between supply and demand. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 54 percent responded that they found the “price pre
32、mium“ metric very useful.,7. the same slippage is happening worldwide; in the most famous cases, Sony failed to spot the potential of flat-panel TVs, ceding leadership to Samsung and Sharp, and fumbled the lead in digital music players to Apple. .,把市场领导地位拱手让给了三星和夏普, 又失手把数字音乐播放器市场的领导权转交到了苹果公司手中。 Spot
33、: 发掘,辨出 E.g.: spot the winner of a race Cede: (常指迫不得已地)让出,割让 E.g.: The Louisiana colony was ceded to Spain in 1762. Fumble: 笨拙地或紧张地)摸索或处理, E.g.: he fumbled the ball and then dropped it.,8. Thats why Sony bought into American movie and music companies, which was an early disaster until Stringer came
34、in, slashed 9000 jobs and turned things around with megahits like “spider-man”. Buy into: 花钱进入(企业或组织) E.g.: he has been trying for years to buy into the printing industry. 他多年来一直想购买股权以进入印刷业。 Slash: 大量削减, E.g.:60% has been slashed from the average time needed. Turn around: 使成功, 使好转, E.g.: It is a cru
35、el deception to pretend that you could turn around the economy in a week. mege-: 异常巨大的, 非常重要的, mega 和hit 构成复合词, 表示“ 卖座电影”,mega=1.large ,great 大 2.million百万,兆,megapark特大公园 megaministry特大的(政府)部门 megagame大赛 mega-association大联合 megaphone(phon 声音)扩音器 megadestruction大毁灭 megatanker超级油轮 megaversity超级大学,mega
36、structure超级大厦 megacity特大都市 megafolly巨大的愚昧 megadeath 百万单位 megabuck(俚语)百万美元 megacycle 兆周 megacycle兆赫(兹) megaerg 兆尔格(功和能量的单位) megabar兆巴(压力单位) megaton 百万吨级(核爆炸力的计算单位) mega-corporation特大企业 megabusiness超巨大企业,Answers,I. 1. because the reason explained openly by Idei why Stringer rather than Kutaragi got pr
37、omoted cannot be justified. He was not told honestly why he was passed over for promotion but he agreed with the decision.,2. Because Sony was long seen as an entrepreneurial maverick in Japan and from early on cofounder Akio Morita saw Sony as a global company. 3. cofounder Akio Morita chose the na
38、me “Sony” 4. Sony s market share both at home and abroad is falling.,Translation,1. 在为数不多的出类拔萃、堪称日本企业典范的跨国公司中, 索尼一直居于领导者的地位,但这个品牌正随着过去成功势头的消退而日渐衰落, 那些成功代表了电子消费品的品质, 从特丽珑电视到索尼随身听。,2. 出井伸之提前一年离职的决定表明公司可能比预想的还要糟糕,而他定下的2007年利润恢复至10%的目标更是遥不可及。 3. 年复一年, 夸张酿成了行动缓慢的大型化趋向,并且索尼公司也成了日本企业届停滞不前的案例。,Glossary,Iconic company Faltering share price With a stoke Turn around Leading edge Profitability Market pros Cofounder Beat out Lose out,Price premium Slip/slippage Cede Pass over,homework,Fast reading practice within 5 minutes 2. How do you look at the CSR industry in China in the near future.,