1、Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编1AviationEnglishforFlightCrewReadingCourse中国民航飞行学院飞行技术学院学生6队2013年9月27日第三次修订飞行英语阅读教程课堂笔记Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编2CONTENTSCONTENTS2AviationEnglishforFlightCrew4LESSON1AIRCREW4TextACaptainandF/ODuties4TextBFlightAttendants7LESSON2COCKPITANDCRM.8Text
2、ACockpit8LESSON3AIRCRAFTCONTROLSAirbus320;Cessna172,Yun-7,EMB190andsoon.Q4：Inwhatwaysareaircraftclassified?Aircraft are classified in different ways: weight, size , purposes and so on. Light aircraft andheavy aircraft; small, medium andlarge aircraft, passenger airplane and cargo airplane.There areo
3、therwaysofaircraftclassification.Q5：Whichairlinewillyouworkwithaftergraduation?AirChina（CA）ChinaSouthernAirlines（CZ）ChinaEasternAirlines（MU）ShenzhenAirlines（ZH）HainanAirlines（HU）SichuanAirlines（3U）OkayAirways（BK）Q6：Whydoyouwanttobeapilot?Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编6First of all, I love f
4、lying, I feel very proud of this job. As a pilot, I get the chance to travelaroundtheworld, andvisit differentplaces.Thats whatI amalways dreaming about. Secondly,Ithink its a very challenging and distinctive job. It provides special feeling and unusualenvironment.Finally,itsawellpaidjob.Q7：Whatarey
5、oudoingtobeagoodpilot?Firstly, I am a student pilot in CAFUC. I am working hard to finish my first year backgroundknowledgestudy,afterthegroundsimulatortraining,Iwouldgotoabranchofourflightschooltotake initial training (elementary/primary), following by recurrent training which have theintermediate
6、and advanced aircraft types. After these, I will go back to my company to do theregistration. Then Ill come back to this flight school to take transition training. After finishingthesetasks,Illgobacktomycompanytobeapilot.Q8：Whatisyourlong-termplantobeaqualifiedcaptain?I need to prepare myself to be
7、a qualified captain in the following aspects: firstly, I need toestablish my cultivation plan. As a student pilot, my first goal is to fly every teaching planessuccessfully. As a copilot, I need to assist captain to finish each flying tasks safely. To be aqualifiedcaptain,Ineedtohavetheabilitytocont
8、rolandflyeverytypeofa/c.Secondly,Ineedtoimprovemymanagementskills,agoodcaptainisagoodleaderandmanageraswell.Whatsmore,aqualifiedcaptainneedtoalwaysputthesafetyfactoratthefirstplace,Illkeepmyflyingdiaryandcheckmyselfallthetime,soastomakeconclusionofmyworkingprocess.Translation： 机长与副驾的职责一架飞机上一般有2到3名机组
9、人员及1到3名乘务员。机长、副驾和飞行机械师在驾驶舱工作。为了节约成本，驾驶舱里有时只有2名机组人员而没有飞行机械师。机长是责任飞行员，他有所有决策的最终决定权并承担一切责任。副驾协助机长做诸如计算燃油消耗、重量与平衡、导航等事情。副驾是第二责任飞行员。飞行机械师帮助减轻机长和副驾的工作量。他的职责可能包括计算燃油消耗率及重量与平衡，以及与座舱人员的沟通。座舱人员由乘务员构成。除了为乘客提供咖啡和确保乘客的舒适之外，他们还负责为乘客讲解应急程序、紧急疏散，并在问题出现时告知机组人员。一架飞机的责任飞行员是机上在飞行期间对飞机的操作和安全负全责的人。根据国际民航组织的规定，责任飞行员有责任按照空
10、中法规的要求操作飞机，并在责任期间对如何处理飞机有最终决定权。在一个常见的有2到3名飞行员的机组中，责任飞行员就是机长；当一架飞机只由一名持照的、训练有素的飞行员操控时，这名飞行员就是责任飞行员。责任飞行员必须持有在特定飞行及飞行条件下操纵飞机的执照，但他不需要任何时候都在控制飞机。责任飞行员是法律上对飞机及飞机的安全和操纵负责的人，通常情况下，也是为违反任何飞行法规承担法律责任的主要人。当前国际民航组织和联邦航空局对责任飞行员的定义为：“在飞行期间对飞机的操纵和安全负责的飞行员。”注意，飞行时间指的是“从一架飞机在自身动力的推动下以起飞为目的开始移动，到飞行结束直至停止的总时间。”飞行时间通
11、常包括地面操作时驶入和驶出跑道的滑行，只要这个滑行是在开飞机的意图下实施的-换句话说，即使没有飞行员执照，Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编7机务或其他人员，以把飞机从一个场所移至另一个场所为目的操纵飞机在地面上滑行是合法的。正如联邦航空局所规定的，责任飞行员的职责和权力包括：a). 一架飞机的责任飞行员对飞机的操作直接负责并有最终决定权。b). 飞行中发生特情需要立即采取行动，根据需要，责任飞行员可以背离这部分的所有法规以应对特情。c). 每位在段落b的情况下背离法规的责任飞行员，应当依据管理人的要求，向管理人提交一份关于背离法规的书面报告。有趣的
12、是，联邦航空条例第91.3条（b）赋予责任飞行员在特情情况下背离所有其他规定并自主决定采取最安全的措施的权力。实际上，在任何涉及飞行安全的情况下，它给予责任飞行员最终决定权，不用顾及其他任何法规和规定。在商务航空，副驾是飞机的副驾驶员，也是第二责任飞行员。如果机长发生失能，副驾将承担责任飞行员的职责。每一次飞行，副驾和机长通常情况下会平均分担飞机的操纵，一位是操纵飞机的飞行员，另一位是未操纵飞机的飞行员或监控飞行员。即使操纵飞机的飞行员是副驾，机长仍对飞机、机上乘客及工作人员负全责。在标准的日常操作中，副驾和机长平均承担重要的工作职责。由于许多航空公司根据公司内部的资历晋升飞行员，副驾的飞行经
13、验有时可能比机长还丰富，因为他们有其他航空公司或军队的飞行经验。一般来说，副驾坐在固定翼飞机的右侧以及直升飞机的左侧。 TextBFlightAttendantsExpressions：FAAMedicalCertificateStudentPilotCertificate 学生驾驶执照Aeronautical航空PrivatePilotCertificate私人驾驶执照Initialtraining初始训练Simulatortraining模拟训练Transitiontraining 改装Recurrenttraining复训 Mid-aircollision空中相撞Nearmidairco
14、llision空中危险渐进Nearnavigationaids助航台AeronauticalInformationManual航空情报手册Smokedetector 烟雾探测器Crosscheck交叉检查Galley飞机厨房Abbreviation：CFR=codeofregulation 联邦法规IFR=instrumentflightrules仪表飞行规则Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编8VI=visualflightrules目视飞行规则RTO=rejecttakeoff中断起飞Lesson2CockpitandCRMTextACockpit
15、Expressions:Sunshield 遮光板Anti-reflectivecoating 发折射涂层Internal 内部external 外部Hydraulicsystem液压系统Heatingelement 发热元件Meltice 溶冰Controlcolumn操纵杆Commercialairliners 商业航班Side-stick侧杆Situationawareness情景意识Associatedwith与有关Spatiallocalization 空间定位Displayunits显示组件 Areanavigation区域导航Flightmanagementsystem 飞行管理
16、系统Weatherradar 气象雷达Inter-personalproblem人际关系Adherenceto遵守Go-around 复飞Aircraftflightmanuals飞行手册Keepthewingslevel保持水平姿态Front/forepart 前部Rear/aftpart 后部Port/left 左Starboard/right 右Abbreviation：EFIS=ElectronicFlightInstrumentSystem电子仪表系统Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编9PFD=PrimaryFlightDisplay主飞行
17、显示器MFD=Multi-functionDisplay多功能显示器ND=navigationdisplay导航显示器ADI=AttitudeDirectionIndicator 姿态指引仪HSI=HorizontalStatusIndicator 水平状态指示器EICAS=EngineIndicationsandCrewAlertingSystem发动机指示和机组警告系统ECAM=ElectronicCentralisedAircraftMonitor 电子集中监控飞机CDI=CourseDeviationIndicator偏航指示器GPWS=GroundProximityWarningSy
18、stem 近地警告系统JAA=JointAviationAdministration联合航空局TCAS=TrafficCollisionAvoidanceSystem 防撞系统DMC=DisplayManagementComputers显示管理计算机FWC=FlightWarningComputer 飞行警告计算机Notes:Q1:WhatinformationisdisplayedonthePFDThe PFD is an important display in some modern airplanes. We can get some kinds ofinformationfromit
19、.OntheleftofthePFDisaspeedtape(速度带)。Differentspeedsindifferentphases of flight are displayed. The vertical speed is shown on the right. From this part, we canknow the rate of climb or descent(爬升率或下降率)。 On the top is the FMA, Flight ModeAnnunciator(飞行方式信号牌),fromwhichwecanmonitor(监控)theairplane.Headin
20、gisshownat the bottom.And in the center of the display,there is an attitude direction indicator (ADI姿态仪).The basics of TCAS are a computer , some form of display in the cockpit and atransponder(发射机，应答机).Q2:Whyarehumanfactorsimportanttoflightsafety?(ICAOLevel4)IhavesomeknowledgeaboutCRM.Thisoneofmyfa
21、voritesubjects(课程)inmygroundtraining.It covers many aspects such as Stress management, fatigue, situation awareness, awareness ofmaintaining airplane control and so on. Maintaining aircraft control is always the thing of firstimportanceinanyconditionsinflight.AsfarasIknowManyaviationaccidentsarecaus
22、edbynotmaintainingaircraftcontrolinanemergencysituation(紧急情况).ThereareanumberofaccidentsresultedfromotherCRM factors.Sogoodcockpit resourcemanagementisveryimportanttosafeflying(安全飞行).Q3:Canyoutellmesomethingaboutyourflightinstructor?Myflightinstructorisanexperiencedpilot.Hehastheexperienceofflyingmi
23、litaryaircraft.Nowhe is a flight instructor of CivilAviation Flight University of China. He is popular in GuanghanSubcollege (广汉分院) forhisgood flight skills. Duringmy flight training, Igot well alongwithhimandwearefriendsnow.Q4：What are the possible reasons for pilots disability/incapacitation? Reas
24、ons forincapacitationThepilotmaylosetheabilitytokeepflyingtheairplaneintheair.Hemaygetseriously(严重的)illinflightbecausehehastakensomebadfood.Thisiswhythecaptainandthefirstofficerdonotsharethesamefood.Thepilotmaygetinjuredbecauseofbirdstrikes(鸟击)orhijackers(劫机者).Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编
25、10Finally, lack of oxygen(缺氧) in the cockpit may stop the pilot from keeping control of theairplaneinflightQ5:WhydoyouprefertoflyAirbus?ThereareA319,A320,A330andA$2theAirbusfamily.Iwanttoflyairbusaftergraduation.Myfavorite aircraft is A330. It is a big and advanced airplane. In the cockpit, there is
26、 a side stickbeside each pilot. It controls the airplane pitch and roll through the fly-by-wire system. Manypilotssayitisverynicetoflytheairplane.Q6.How many flight instruments are equipped on the panel in front of the pilot, what arethey?6; They are airspeed indicator (ASI), attitude indicator (AI)
27、, altimeter, vertical speedindicator(VSI),headingindicator(HI)andturncoordinator.Q7.Whatarethecomponentsoftheenginegauge?The tachometer, the oil pressure and oil temperature gauge and the cylinder head temperaturegauge.Q8.Whatdoestheotherinstrumentsreferto?Ammeterandsuctiongauge.TheFlightInstruments
28、ASI:Airspeedindicator 空速表AI :Attitudeindicator 姿态仪Alt: Altimeter 高度表VSI:VerticalSpeedIndicator 升降速度表HI :headingindicator 航向指示器TC:Turncoordinator 转弯协调仪Airspeed/altitude pitot-staticpressuresystem全静压系统Attitude/direction/turn gyroscope 陀螺Heading Magneticcompass 磁罗盘Pitot-staticinstruments(全静压仪表）Gyroscop
29、icinstruments(陀螺仪表）Magneticcompass(磁罗盘仪表）Miscellaneousinstruments(其他仪表）Pitot-staticinstrumentsMeasuringdevices:Pitottube,staticportInstrumentsAirspeedIndicator(ASI) 空速表Altimeter高度表Verticalspeedindicator(VSI)升降速度表Translation： 驾驶舱Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编11驾驶舱是飞行员操纵飞机的地方，通常靠近飞机的前部。除一些小型机
30、之外，现代驾驶舱大多是密闭的，而大型机的驾驶舱与座舱也是隔开的。飞机的驾驶舱有安装在仪表盘上的各种飞行仪表和能让飞行员开飞机的控制装置。在大多数客机上，一扇门将驾驶舱和座舱隔开。驾驶舱窗上可能安装有遮光板，当飞机在地面上时，驾驶舱窗大多都可以打开。几乎所有大型机上的玻璃窗都有防折射涂层及一个用于融冰的内部加热元件。大多数的驾驶舱内，飞行员的操纵杆位于中间位置，而一些军用喷气机或一些商用机则使用侧杆。现代驾驶舱的设计非常重视人因。驾驶舱显示器和操纵装置的布局和功能的设计就是为了增加飞行员情景意识而不会导致信息量过载。在军用喷气机驾驶舱的设计中，驾驶舱中传统的旋钮或仪表盘几乎都没有了。仪表盘几乎被
31、电子显示器完全取代，这些显示器通常可重新调整以节省空间。尽管由于完整性和安全的原因仍然使用一些硬线的专用电门，许多传统的操作装置被多功能的操纵装置所取代。操纵装置与操纵杆和油门相合并，让飞行员能保持平视和向外看的姿势。声音显示器的一些新改进甚至允许飞机状况信息的直接语音输出和警告声音的空间定位以增强对飞机系统的监控。现代客机上控制面板的布局在整个民航产业都大同小异。系统相关的大部分操纵装置通常位于顶板。无线电位于飞行员座位置之间的中央操纵台上。诸如自动驾驶这类自动飞行控制装置位于风挡之下、主仪表盘之上的遮光板。玻璃驾驶舱最主要的部件是电子飞行仪表系统，它显示所有关于飞机状况、位置及进程的信息。
32、它由左、右两个主飞行显示器和多功能显示器屏构成。电子飞行仪表系统主要显示水平和垂直位置，同时也显示时间和速度。驾驶舱中，显示器是电子飞行系统最明显的部分，玻璃驾驶舱也是由这些装置而得名。取代姿态指示仪的显示器叫主飞行显示器。如果有另一个单独的显示器替代水平状态指示器，这个显示器被称为导航显示器。主飞行显示器显示所有有关飞行的关键信息，包括修正速度、高度、航向、姿态、升降速度和偏航。为增加飞行员的情景意识，主飞行显示器整合了6个不同的模拟式仪表，用一个显示器取而代之显示这些信息，从而减少了监控仪表所需的时间。主飞行显示器还通过改变显示器的颜色或形状或发出语音警告向机组发出不正常的或潜在的危险情况
33、的警告（如：空速低、降率高）以增加飞行员的情景意识。玻璃驾驶舱的第二部分由重叠的中央显示器构成，它们显示飞机系统状况和发动机性能的信息。不同的叫法有发动机指示和机组警告系统或飞机电子中央监控器，前者是波音的术语，而后者是空客的缩写。所有的信息以须知为依据以图像形式显示，但是，飞行员可以向系统查询更多想知道的详情。驾驶舱中，电子飞行仪表系统有一些独特的优点。电子飞行仪表系统的多功能性能克服传统仪表的某些物理限制。因此，同一个显示器，可以显示航道偏离指示器，也可以转换显示由区域导航或飞行管理系统提供的计划的轨迹。如果愿意，气象雷达图片还可以叠加于Aviation EnglishforFlightC
34、rew复习笔记 学生六队编12显示的航路上。其次的优点是灵活性，当新的飞机设备和新的法规出现时，软件修改能最小化成本。电子飞行仪表系统可以更新为新的软件以增强其功能。20世纪90年代的更新有加强版的近地警告系统和防撞系统。最后，即使安装了只有2个屏幕的电子飞行仪表系统，仍能获得一定程度的安全余度。一旦主飞行显示器失效，转换电门将主飞行显示器上的重要信息转移至显示导航显示器的屏幕上。Exercise：ReadingandjudgeitTrueorFalseThe cockpit of the MD-11 is arranged in the conventional manner.The Cap
35、tains seat is on theleft and the First Officers seat is on the right. There is a right observers seat behind the FirstOfficers seat. Storage facilities for loose equipment are provided at each station in addition tostorageareasincoatroom.When the aircraft is ready for normal flight, most of the swit
36、ches on the overhead panel will bedark(not illuminated). This informs the crew that the panel is in the correct configuration and noabnormalities are present. Under normal conditions, little used switches will illuminate blue asadvisoryindicators.Three columns of alerts may be displayed on the lower
37、 third of the engine and alert display(EAD).The EAD is normally CRT3. Level 3 alerts (warnings) have the highest priority and willnotbeoverwritten.Level3alertsaredisplayedinredwithinaredboxandhaveleadingtriangles.Thelatestlevel3alertappearsatthetopoftheliststartingatthetopleftofthealertarea.1.Thearr
38、angementofthecockpitoftheMD11isinthetraditionalway.2.Whenthereissomethingwrongwiththeoverheadpanel,theswitcheswillbecomeblue.3.Onlythecaptainhasstoragefacilitiesforlooseequipment.4.Thepresenceofnormalitiesonthepanelmeanseverythinginreadinessforflight.5.CRTstandsforcathoderaytube.Lesson3AircraftContr
39、ols more often, theformed,stamped-outribsreducedinweightbyholeswhicharepunchedinthemetal.1. Although we have many different kinds of aircraft, the structure of the primary controlsurfacesisthesame.2.Ailerons,elevatorsandruddersaremovablesothatthecaptaincanmakeaplaneflybyusingthem.3.Theprimaryflightc
40、ontrolsurfacesarecomposedofailerons,spoilersandrudders.4.Theprimarycontrolsurfacesaredifferentonlyinsizeandshape.Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编155.Thedesignersformtheribsbyusingthemetalfulloftheholesinordertoreducetheweightoftheplane.Lesson4FlightControlSystem horizontal stabilizer; thrust
41、reversers, brakes, yaw damper. Most systems havehydraulicactuatorstodrivetheusersystems.Q3:WhatisthefunctionoftheLandinggearcomponents ？Thelandinggearistheassembly(装备n)thatsupportstheaircraftduringlandingorwhileitisrestingormovingaboutonthegroundTheshockstruts（减震支柱）ofthelandinggearabsorb（吸收）theshock
42、oflandingandtaxing.Thegear-retractionmechanism（齿轮的收放机构）helpsthelandinggearattachtotheaircraftstructureandenablesthegeartoextendandretract.Brakes：enabletheaircrafttobeslowedorstoppedduringmovementontheground.The advantages of the tricycles gear are：it allows more forceful application of the brakes fo
43、rhigherlandingspeedswithoutnosingover.-itpermits(允许)bettervisibilityforthepilotduringlanding.-itpreventsaircraftground-looping.Q4:Whatsafetydevicesdoesthelandinggearhave？起落架的安全装置有什么？Mechanicaldownlocks机械下锁,safetyswitches,groundlocks.Q5：WhatisthefunctionoftheHydraulicsystem？Hydraulic system operates
44、landing gears, wing flaps, slats, speed and wheel brakes, nosewheelsteeringandprimaryflightcontrolsurfacestoKicked-outandKicked-in.Q6:Ifonesystemfails,whatshouldyoudo?You see, there are three hydraulic systems in the airplane I fly. If one of the systems fails, I canswitch to the other two systems.
45、They will provide alternate hydraulic power through the PTU,powertransferunit.Q7:Ifthehydraulicsystemsofyouraircraftfail,whatarethepossibleconsequencesIf there is a total loss of hydraulic power,there are many possible consequences.As a captain, ifwe are going to land, we should anticipate these pos
46、sibilities. First, the landing gears may not beextended. In this case, belly landing may be necessary. Second, if the flaps, spoilers or thrustreversersdonotwork,morelandingdistanceisneededbecauseofhigherlandingspeed.Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编19Q8:Asacaptain,ifyouencounterhydraulicprobl
47、eminflight,whatshouldyoudo?weshould becalmandconfident.we should keep the control of the airplane to ensure the safe flying, because it is the mostimportantthingforthecaptain.WeshouldestablishcontactwithATCandtellthemofyourpresentsituationreportourintention.In the cockpit, I will ask my first office
48、r to read the checklist and we will follow the proceduresspecifiedinthechecklist.Lesson6AutomaticFlightspace,controlanduserLesson7Powerplant,APUandElectricalSystemTextAPowerplantExpressions:Dualrotoraxialflowturbofan双转子轴流式涡扇Hightpressurecompressor 高压压气机Thrustlevers油门杆Over-boost过度增压Terraincontact撞山Ai
49、rframevibrations发动机震动Operatingandcaution操作和警告范围Oilquantityindicator油量显示器Enginesensor发动机传感器Powerleverangle油门杆角度 Climbprofile爬升剖面Failuredetection故障探测MASTERCAUTION主警告灯Aftoverheadpanel后顶板Fuelpump加压过的燃油泵Fuelshutoffvalve燃油关断活门Fiststageenginefuel 一级燃油泵Heatexchanger热交换器Fuelfilter油滤Enginefirewarningswitch发动机火警电门Aviation EnglishforFlightCrew复习笔记 学生六队编21Centerinstrumentpanel中央仪表盘Abbreviation：MEC=mainenginecontrol主发动机控制EIS=EngineInstrumentSystem发动机仪表系统PMC=powermanagementcontrol动力管理控制FF=FuelFlow燃油流量FU=fuelused燃油消耗量EGT=ExhaustGasTemperature发动机排气温度V1=decisionspeed决断速度VR=r
