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英语语法归纳.doc

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1、英语语法归纳(一)被动语态 动词的语态主要分为两种:主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者, 。者为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者, 。者为被功关系。 I have done the job.(主动句) The job has been done.(被动句) 1被动语态根据时态的不同,可分为以下几种类型: 一般现在时:am/is/are+done; 一般过去时:was/were+done 现在进行时:am/is/are+being done 过去进行时:was/were+being done 将来时 :will/would+be done,be going to be

2、done, be to be done 现在完成时:have/has +been done 过去完成时:had+been done 将来完成时:will+have been done 2 被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态,其时态的变化取决于时间状语,其时态的变化形式由其助动词 be 的事态变化形式来体现 The house is being painted now.(现在进行时被动语态) Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.(现在完成时被动语态) The furniture was bought last week(过去时被动语态) Youll be

3、punished one day.(将来时被动语态) 3被动语态的意义 (1)不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者(无须加 buy 短语) Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有时主语较长,可后置。 Its said that we have won the game

4、. 4在使役动词 makr 及感官动词 see ,hear.等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to“? The teacher made Tom answer it again.(主动语态,不加“to“ ) Tom was made to answer it again.(被动语态,加“to“ ) 5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。 look at,laugh at,send for,call on,carry out, listen to,take care of ,make use of,depend on,pay attenti

5、on to,hand in,put on,look up,give up等. 6. be过去分词可以是被动语态形式,也可以是系表结构形式。区别是,系表结构表示主语状态或特征,不带 by 短语;而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作,可以带 by 短语。 The job was well done.(系表结构) The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被动语态) The composition is well written.(系表结构) The composition is written with great care;.(被动语态) 7原来主动语态

6、中的宾语如果是从句,变为被动语态时,要用形式主语 it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him. It is said that this book has been translated into several languages. 8有一些动词不能用被动语态。 break out,take place,happen,belong to,cost,suit,fit,have,let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet

7、(遇见) ,join(参加) ,fail等 9宾语为反身代词时,不用被动语态,只用主动语态形式。 The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang. 10有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。 如:happen,pretend,seem,used to,ought to,appear 等。 The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark. On the way we happened to be caught in the rain. 11有些动名词在 want

8、, need, require 和介词 worth 后形式为主动,意义为被动。 12有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义。如:clean, sell,look,lock,open,write,read,wash,feel 等。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well.(好卖) The door doesnt lock. The door cant open. This pen writes very well. 13除助动词 be 可以构成被动语态外,get, become 等词也可以过去分词构成被动意义。She was un

9、happy because she didnt get invited to the party. (。 )主谓一致。 主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致,句子的主语是第三人称单数,其谓语动词须用单数,主语是复数,则谓语动词用复数。 1主谓一致的三个原则。 英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾,但当发生冲突时,意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。 (1)语法一致原则: 主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也应采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也应采取复数形式。 She is a girl她是

10、女孩。 They are all girls她们都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. 这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。 (教授与作家是同一个人,是单数.) The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old 指所有的老年人,指一类人,为复数概念。 ) (2)就近原则: 谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。 There is a book,two pens and th

11、ree pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书,两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 There are two pens,a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔,一本书和三支铅笔。 Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。 (3)意义一致原则: 主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词要用复数形式;或主语形式上是复数,但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式。 The police are still running after the murderer.

12、 警察还在追杀人犯。 The news was very exciting. 这则新闻令人激动。 My family were watching TV at 7 oclock. 7 点钟的时候,我们全家人在看电视。 My family has moved three times我们家搬过三次。 2主谓一致的应用。 (1)单一主语的情况。 单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语,其主语与谓语的一致情况如下: 不定代词作主语 a不定代词 either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone,somebody,something,an

13、yone,anybody,anything,everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数、 b. none 作主语时如果指人或可数的物,表数目,谓语动词单复数形式皆可;如果指不可数名词,表量,谓语动词用单数。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的钱都用光了,一点没留。 c. neither/either of复数名词或复数形式的代词,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。 Neither of these words is correc

14、t. 这些单词没有一个是正确的。 d. the other two() ,the other three()another two( . ) , both 等作主语时谓语动词用复数、 Five people came to help,but another three were still needed. 已经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们还需要三个 e. all 指人时作主语,谓语动词用复数;指全部事情时,谓语动词常用单数 All the work was finished. 所有的活都干完了 All is going well 一切都很正常. f在 each . and each,every.a

15、nd every,no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由 and 连接并列单数主语的结构中,谓语动词用单数、 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很长时间没有听到一点声音 Every boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星

16、 g. such 山作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking,who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much 这就是史蒂芬?霍金,遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。 Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。 集合名词作主语 a有些集体名词,如 people, cattle, police 等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词需用复数。 People are talking about the acc

17、ident happened yesterday. 人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。 b集合名词,如 audience(观众) ,army, class, crew 船员) ,company(公司) ,crowd(人群) ,enemy, family, group, government(政府),public (公众),population(人口),team(队员)等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时,谓语就该用复数。 The population in China is very large and 80% of the population l

18、ive in rural areas. 中国人口很多,其中 80的人住在农村。 c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch 结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与 the 连用时表示复数含义,谓语动词用复数如 the English, the Chinese,the French 等 The English are a polite people英国是一个礼仪之邦。 以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语 a以一 ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数. Politics is taught in our school. 我们学校开设政治课。 b专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语,形式

19、上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数,如 the United Nations, the United States,the New York Times 等。 Lu Xuns works sells well. 鲁迅的著作很畅销。 c有些名词如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings(残渣,剩余) ,clothes, trousers, belongings(财产) ,savings, scissor,等作主语,其谓语动词只能用复数形式 The family were saved but the belongings were lost. 这一家人获救,但损失了所有财产

20、。 d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语,谓语动词根据其单复数而定 Each means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective. 每一种方法都试过,但没有一个是有效的。 含有修饰语的名词作主语 a 一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词,如 trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语,前面若无 a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of 等这类单位词,通常作复数用,谓语动词作复数。

21、若带有单位词,则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 My shoes are under the bed我的鞋在床下。 His black trousers are too long他的那条黑裤子太长了。 Your glasses are on your nose你的眼镜在鼻子上。 但若这类名词与 a pair 连用时,谓语动词往往用单数。 This pair of shoes is made in Beijing这双鞋子是北京制造的。 There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼镜。 b. a number of意为“许多” ,修饰可数名

22、词复数时谓语一般也用复数:the number of意为“的数目” ,作主语时,谓语?只能用单数 A number of the other plants were found in America. 在美洲还发现了许多别的植物。 The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before 在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。 c只修饰可数名词的量词 several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of.)作主语,谓语动词应用复数形式;其修饰的名词作主语、谓

23、语动词也应用复数形式 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。 d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of)等词既可修饰可数名词,又可修饰不可数名词,谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多学生要来参加这次会议。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 为了准备会议,还有很多工作要做。 注意a quantity(

24、of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词应根据 quantity 的单复数形式而定。 Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 学校安装设备需要很多钱。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 为孩子们买了大量的故事书: e. a great/ good deal( of),a little,quite a little,a large amount( of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词

25、作主语,谓语动词只能用单数形式 A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used 很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了,但本应好好利用的 f. “more than one 十单数名词 ”尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more复数名词than one”结构之后,谓语常用复数 More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在这次事故中受伤 More members than one are again

26、st the proposal. 反对这项提议的会员不止一个 g. “one or two +复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数 One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午有一两个学生在植树 h表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与 pass, go by,waste, use, spend 等词连用时,谓语动词用复数 Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入党五年了 i. one or two 后接复数名词,谓语要用复数但在“a/an 十单数名词

27、or two”结构之后,谓语却常用单数 One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work. 干这活一两天就够了 j. the rest(of) ,the remaining,part(of.) , one half( of)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定 Part of his story was not true他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the foreign teachers in our school are

28、 from Canada.我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大. k当“几分之几(百分之几)+ of名词”结构作主语时,一般也应根据 of 后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数“one and a half +复数可数名词”作主语,谓语一般用单数.This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans 这是因为地球表面积的 2/3 是由广阔的海洋构成的 Two thirds of these tasks have been completed. 这些任务已经完成了三分之。 One and a half d

29、ays is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的时间 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情况下,one in ten 作主语和其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式) (2)非谓语形式、从句作主语 单独的不定式、动词的一 ing 形式作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式:如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数 Persuading him to join us see

30、ms really hard. 劝他加入我们似乎很难。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. 虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情,但是它们永远相伴 。 that,what,who,which,when,where,why,whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve:等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时,应根据概念

31、上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数 “That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶 Who is Abraham Lincoln?林肯是谁? Who are talking with each other?谁在相互讨论? (3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致 and 及 both. and. a. 一般来说,两个单数主语用 and 连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数;但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念,谓语动词必须用单数A smile and handshake show we

32、lcome微笑和握手表示欢迎 The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、 b并列主语由 or, either . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not onlybut also连接时,谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致 Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老师,或者是学生要受到责备 Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it 不仅仅

33、是学生,还有他们的老师都对此一无所知 Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不适合干这个工作 Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不适合干这个工作吗? (4)假性主语的主谓一致 with,together with(连同) ,along with(和?一起) ,as wellas(也) ,like(诸如),such as(诸如) ,as much as, no less than(和? 一样) ,rather than(而不是) ,including, besides, but,except,

34、in addition 以除之外)等短语后的主语称为假性主语,谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定,不跟假性主语一致。 The boy with his dog is here. 这个男孩在这儿,还有他的狗 No one but your parents was there then. 那时,除了你的父母没有别人在那里 Tom,together with Mary and Alice,is going to swim this afternoon. 汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳 The teacher,including his students,is going to see Professor

35、 Smith. 那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯教授、 (5)由 there , here 引导的主语不止一个时,谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、 There is a lake and some hills around it. 它被一个湖和几座刁、山环绕着、 (6)定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定,先行词是单数,定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数,先行词是复数,定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数 Those(people)who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper 同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名 I will

36、always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures. 我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光: The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true. 今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。 (7)在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。 (8)运算数词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Three times five is fifteen. 3 乘 5 等于 15 Five mi

37、nus four is one. 5 减 4 等于 1。 Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7 乘 4 等于?g (9)表示数量的“one and a half复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。 One and a half hours is enough 一个半小时足够了。 六、知识*能力聚焦 1. off prep.adv离开,分开 (1)prep. The hall rolled off the table球从桌上滚落 Keep

38、off the grass勿践踏草地 He entered a big house off the high street. 他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。 The ship sank off Cape Horn. 这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了 (2)adv. The town is still five miles off%amaN 那小镇尚在五英里之外 We are still some way off. 我们仍有一段距离(如距目的地)要走 Please tell them that the meeting is olf 请告诉他们会议已经取消了。 常用短语 take sth. off st

39、h. 扣除,减去 fall off 跌落 knock sth. off sth把某物从另一物上放掉 wipe sth. off sth 把某物从另一物上擦掉 along the coast 沿着海岸 off the coast 海岸外在海上 on the coast 海岸上在海岸 The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe. 不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸不远处的岛屿 Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River. 武汉位于长江边 2. face n.脸 v

40、t转向,面向 (1)n Judging from his worried face,we knew that he must have had some trouble. 从他焦急的脸色判断,我们知道他肯定有麻烦了. (2)vt. -How does the house face?这房屋面朝哪边? -It faces ( to the ) east朝东。 I was faced with new problem我面临着新的 M 题 常用短语 in( the) face of 不顾(问题、困难等) lose ones face 失面子,丢脸 fight in the face of 公然反抗 f

41、ace the music 由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果 3. range n. agree to; agree on agree with某人或表示“意见,看法”的词; agree to表示“提议,办法,计划”的词; agree on 十表示“具体协议的文件、计划、行动”的词(这时,主语常是协商一件事的人或单位) They agreed to the plan他们同意这个计划、 He agreed with ire/what I said/my words.他同意我所说的话 r They agreed on this point.他们在这一点上是一致的 词汇拓展 agreeabl

42、e adj.使人愉快的,欣然同意的 agreement n同意,一致,协定,协议 disagree vi不一致,不适宜 disagreeable adj.不愉快的,不为人喜爱的,厌恶的 disagreement n.意见不同,不协调,争执,争论 12. way n. (1)道路,路线,路途 Go along the way across the fields,please.请沿着这条路穿过田地 (2)方法,手段 The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth. 因为没有办法

43、把狗带回地面,所以它死了。 注意在名词 way 后面的定语从句中,常常省略引导词 that 或 in which 因为 the way 表示方式,所以不能再用 how. way 后面还可以接不定式或 of 短语作定语。 常用短语 in a way 在某种程度上 on the/ones way 在路上 find a way 找到办法 make ones way to 向走去 all the way 一路上,一直 out of the way 奇特,不寻常 fight ones way 奋勇前进 in the way 档路,妨碍 by the way 顺便说 feel ones way 摸索前进

44、push ones way 挤着前进 by the way of 由,经过 lose ones way 迷路 make way for 为让路 辫析manner,way,method,fashion,means 五个词都表示“方法,办法”之意,但有差别 manner 意为“方法” ,比 way 更为庄重,正规,意义广泛; way 意为“方法” ,普通用语,常跟 in 搭配; method 意为“方式,方法” ,指合乎逻辑或系统的方法; fashion 意为“式样,方式” ,比 way 更正式,含有“流行式样”之急; means 意为“方式,手段” ,常与 by 连用,更侧重一于做某事采取的手段

45、: 13. surprise n. &v. (1) n惊奇,惊讶 He expressed surprise that no one had offered to help.谁都不肯帮忙,他感到很诧异 (2) vt使惊奇 It wouldnt surprise me if they lost.他们输了也不足为奇 注意surprise 的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以在句中作表语。但 surprised 指人,某人对感到吃惊; surprising 指物或事情,某物令人吃惊。 常用短语 to ones surprise 令某人吃惊的是 take by surprise 突袭、突击 in surpr

46、ise 吃,凉地 be surprised to do sth吃惊地做某事 surprise sb with a visit 突然拜访某人 be surprised at 对感到惊讶 辫析surprise,shock,astonishment surprise 为一般用语, “惊讶,吃惊”程度比后两者轻 shock 尤其指对一些令人不愉快的未预料的事情的“惊讶,震惊,打击” ,程度较 surprise大 astonishment 指因为一些意想不到的事或情况而吃惊,乃至于达到目瞪口呆的程度,在三者中它的程度最大 His success was a great surprise to me.他的

47、成功令我大为惊讶。 The news was a great shock to me.这个消息使我很震惊。 She was filled with astonishment at the sight.她看到那景象,感到十分惊奇。 14. other adj.pron. (1) adj.另外的,其他的 Have you any other friends here?你在这儿还有其他朋友吗? (常加定冠词) (两个中)另一个,其余的 Now open your the other eye.现在睁开你的另一只眼睛: 不久前,以前的 In other times there was a king 从前

48、这儿有一个国王。 隔一个 You should write on everv other lines.你应该隔行写 (2) pron. (复)另外的人(或事物) I dont like these. Can you show me any others?我不喜欢这几个,你能不能另外拿几个给我看看? (复)其余的人(或事物) This magazine is better than the others.这本杂志比其余的好 辫析other, others,another,any other, the other other 作形客词时,没有复效形式其复数形式“others” ,只能作代词,意思是

49、 othen ones(另几个)或 other people(另外的人) others:泛指另外的几个人或东西,the others 指在一个范围之内的另一部分,因此是一种特指的用法 在一个数字或是 few 开头的复数词语前,用 another 表示另外的,不能用 other “any other名词”用于比较级的结构中,是指在同一个范围内,除去前面提到的那一个以外,其他任何一个如果相比较的成分不在同一个范围内,other 便不需要了 指两个人或两个事物中的另一个,用 the other 表示,another 泛指许多中的另一个 15. make sure make sure 意为“弄清楚查明白;确保” ,是动词短语,后面常接“of/about名词或 v. -ing 形式” ,也常接;that 引导的宾语从句,其中 sure 可由 certain 替代 Arrive early at the station to make sure/c

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