1、1第十一课时 主谓一致和特殊句式李仕才感 悟 高 考1.It was when I got back to my apartment _ I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津卷)A.who B.where C.which D.that答案 D 句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我首先遇见了我的新邻居。根据关键词 It was开头，后面连词首选 that，构成强调句型，但需要验证，本句中去掉 It was和that，句意完整，所以确定是强调句型。故选 D。2.The publication of Great Expectations, which
2、_ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.(2017 江苏卷)A.is B.are C.was D.were答案 C 先行词是 The publication Great Expectations，是书名，看作单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是过去，故选 C。句意：远大前程的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。3.Nowadays, cycling, along wi
3、th jogging and swimming, _ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津卷)A.regard B.is regardedC.are regarded D.regards答案 B 句意：现在骑自行车，慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语 regard.as.把看做和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除 A和 D，再根据主语部分是由介词短语 along with连接的三个动名词做主语，谓语动词应该与 along with前面的名词相一致，即用单数，排除 C，故选 B。4.You are waiting
4、 at a wrong place.It is at the hotel _the coach picks 2up tourists.(2016天津卷)A.who B.which C.where D.that答案 D 句意：你等错地方了，长途客车是在旅馆接游客的。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个对地点状语进行强调的强调句型，故用 that。要 点 精 析主 谓 一 致一、语法一致原则1. 动名词、动词不定式、主语从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。T
5、o love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world.爱和被爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。2. 主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如 with，together with，as well as，along with，besides，but，except，including，rather than等，谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。My father，together with his workmates，has been to Beijing.我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。3. and，both.and.连接两个不同的主语
6、，谓语动词用复数形式，但是如果由 and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词需用单数形式。A famous writer and poet is to give a talk.一位著名的作家兼诗人将要作一次报告。4. 定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。在“itbe被强调部分that/who.”强调句型中，be 一般用单数形式。如果强调的是主语，that/who后的谓语动词由被强调的主语决定。It is I who am going to be a pilot.是我将成为一名飞行员。Anyone who has questions to ask，please
7、come to my office this afternoon.有问题要问的人，今天下午到我办公室来。5. “more than one/many a单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；3each，every，no 所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有 and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望
8、参加周日的聚会。二、意义一致原则1. 集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience 等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由 25个男生和 20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生都在做实验。2.“分数/百分数/the majorityof名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于 of后名词的
9、数以及其表示的意义：all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.我们星球的表面百分之七十都被水覆盖着。3.“the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。4.a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以
10、及其表示的意义。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With more and more forests being destroyed，a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.With more and more forests being destroyed， quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。5.“a number of复数名词”作主
11、语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多” ；“the 4number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“的数量” 。A number of students have gone for an outing.许多学生去远足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增加。6.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3 000 美元是一笔
12、大数目。三、就近一致原则1.当 or，nor，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。2.在 here，there 置于句首的倒装句中，当主语不止一个时，谓语动
13、词通常与其邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。There stands the teaching building between the two rows of trees.教学楼在两排树之间。There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil-box.There are two pens and a pencil in the pencil-box.文具盒内有一支铅笔和两支钢笔。特 殊 句 式一、完全倒装完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。这种结构须满足四个条件：1.here, there, out, then, thus等副词置于句首2.谓语动
14、词常用 be, come, go, lie, run, rush等表示来去或状态的动词3.主语是名词不能是代词54.谓语动词的时态是一般现在时或一般过去时Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机底下窜出一枚导弹。二、部分倒装部分倒装是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词提至主语之前。这种结构有下列情况：1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way, not until., hardly/scarcely.when, no sooner.than等。Hardly
15、 had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。2.so, neither, nor位于句首时句子用部分倒装。在以 so, nor, neither开头的倒装句中， so用于肯定句，表示“也一样，也这样” ；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样” 。Tom can speak French.So can Jack.汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。If you dont go，neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。3.only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。Only in t
16、his way can you learn English well.只有用这种方式，你才能学好英语。4.其他部分倒装。(1)“so.that”句型中的 so位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他很害怕，动也不敢动。(2)在虚拟语气条件句中，可将 if省略，把 were, had, should移到主语之前。Were I you, I would try it again.我是你的话，就再试一次。(3)as作为“虽然，尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要用倒装结构，把状语、表语或动词原形提前，通常
17、as可以换成 though。Much as he liked the story book, he donated it to the charity.虽然他非常喜欢这本故事书，他还是把它捐给了慈善机构。6Try as he might，he can do nothing about the present situation.尽管他会努力，但他对当前的局势也无能为力。名师点津(1)当 not until引出主从复合句且位于句首时，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首则不倒装。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave th
18、e room.直到孩子睡着，妈妈才离开房间。(2)当 so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构，意为“的确如此” 。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。1.英语中常用的强调句型的结构为“It is/was被强调部分that/who其他部分” 。其中，被强调部分通常是句子的主语、宾语或状语。要注意的是 that/who后面句中的谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调部分保持一致。It was the culture, rather than the language, that made it har
19、d for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。(强调主语)2.句型变换。(1)一般疑问句形式为“Is/Was it被强调部分that/who其他部分？”Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry?是因为杰克上课迟到让史密斯先生生气的吗？(2)特殊疑问句形式为“特殊疑问词is/was itthat其他部分？”When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
20、?他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？(3)含有 not.until 结构的强调句式为“It is/was not until 被强调部分that其他部分” 。It is not until youve finished your homework that you are allowed to go out.直到你把作业做完才准出去。7名师点津 若强调谓语，要在谓语动词前加 do/does/did，这种强调只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句。The scientist did devote all his life to his research work.这位科学家的确把他的一生献给了研究
21、工作。1.祈使句的基本用法祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)，有时也可用 everybody, someone, anybody等不定代词。2.祈使句表示假设的情况(1)“祈使句and陈述句(一般将来时)” 。名词词组and陈述句名词词组中通常含有 more, another, further, earlier等词。One step further and youll fall down.再多走一步，你就会摔倒。Just a little more patience and well look into it soon.再耐心点儿，我们很快就
22、会调查此事。祈使句破折号陈述句Try some of this juiceperhaps youll like it.尝尝这种果汁，也许你会喜欢它的。(2)“祈使句or/otherwise陈述句” ，相当于“if.not主句” 。Hurry up or well be late for the meeting.If we dont hurry up, well be late for the meeting.快点儿，不然我们开会就迟到了。名师点津 祈使句后的反意疑问句不表示反问，而表示一种语气。其结构为：肯定祈使句，will/wont you?否定祈使句，will you?Let us.，wi
23、ll you?Lets.，shall we?Close the window，will/wont you?8关上窗户，好吗？Lets go to the bookstore, shall we?我们去书店，好吗？一、英语中一些固定的省略结构1.在以 if, when, though, as if(好像)等连词引导的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致且谓语动词是 be，常将从句中的主语和动词 be省略。Whenever possible，he will come to my help.他一有可能就来帮助我。While cycling，dont forget the traffic li
24、ghts.骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。2.由固定词组引导的疑问句。What about having a game of chess?下盘棋怎么样？How come they left you alone here?他们怎么会把你一个人留在这里呢？What if its raining?如果天下雨怎么办？Why not try again?为什么不再试试呢？二、与不定式相关的省略1.通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式常省略，只保留不定式符号 to。She went teaching because she wanted to (go teaching).她去教书，因
25、为她想去。2.如果不定式符号 to后面是 be时，要保留 be。如果不定式用了完成时，要保留到助动词have。The city now is much noisier than it used to be.这个城市现在比过去喧闹多了。93.如果不定式作表语，用于解释 do的内容，to 也常可省略。What I did was (to) lay the table.我所要做的是摆桌子。解 题 策 略1.分清主语、找准谓语法做主谓一致的题目时，由于在句子中，有一些主语容易受到别的词的影响，往往造成一些理解上的错误，如主语后面接 with, together with，along with，but，
26、as well as等短语时，谓语应与前面的名词保持一致，记住：谓语动词的单复词要和主语中的中心词一致。(1)Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A.is B.are C.has D.have答案 C 动名词短语作主语，句子的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除 B、D 两项，根据主语与 caused的主动关系，排除 A项。(2)Such poets as Shakespeare _widely read，of whose works，however，some _ diffic
27、ult to understand.A.are；are B.is；isC.are；is D.is；are答案 A 主句中的主语应为 poets，谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为 some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选 A。2.还原法一般说来，对于一些特殊的句型，我们可以把它还原为正常的句型，如把倒装句还原为陈述句等等。(1)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _，one of the ten largest cities in China.A.lies Chon
28、gqing B.Chongqing liesC.does lie Chongqing D.does Chongqing lie答案 A 分析句子结构得知，此处将地点状语提前且主语为名词，故句子需用完全倒装形式，所以选 A项。10(2)Is everyone here?Not yet.Look，there _ the rest of our guests!A.come B.comesC.is coming D.are coming答案 A 本句中 there放在句首，句子采用了倒装句式，谓语动词的单复数应该根据句子的主语 the rest of our guests来判断，故答案为 A。3.结构
29、分析法在一些试题中要注意区别一些特殊的句型，如倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句等。(1)It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.A.where B.that C.when D.which答案 B 本题为强调句型，符合 it was被强调部分that.结构。此题迷惑点在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句 that she had bought in the village。(2)Johns success has nothing
30、 to do with good luck. It is years of hard work _ has made him what he is today.A.why B.when C.which D.that答案 D 本题为强调句型，被强调部分为 years of hard work，故选 D。4.固定句型判断法在平时的学习中，要掌握各种句型，注意积累一些经典的句型，把它们运用到日常写作中，以达到真正掌握的目的。English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?Yes._ more words and expressions and you will fi
31、nd it easier to read and communicate.A.Know B.Knowing C.To know D.Known答案 A 根据题干中的 and和 will就可以判断答案是 A。本句是“祈使句and/or主语will.”结构，祈使句表示条件，相当于一个条件句。针 对 训 练1.Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century _ his 11musical gift was fully recognized.(2015重庆卷)A.while B.though C.that D.after答案
32、C 句意：巴赫于 1750年去世，但是他的音乐才能一直到 19世纪早期才完全被认可。本句是一个强调句型，其基本结构是：It is/was被强调部分that其他，本句被强调部分是 not until the early 19th century，故选 C。2.Only when Lily walked into the office _ that she had left the contract at home.(2015天津卷)A.she realized B.has she realized C.she has realized D.did she realize答案 D 句意：直到莉莉走
33、进办公室时，她才意识到她把合同忘在家里了。 “only状语从句”位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。根据时间状语 when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般过去时。故答案为 D。3.It might have saved me some trouble _ the schedule.(2015江苏卷)A.did I know B.have I knownC.do I know D.had I known答案 D 句意：要是早知道时间表的话，可能会省去我一些麻烦。由句意和 might have saved可知，句子用了虚拟语气。本句表示与过去事实相反的情况，故
34、从句谓语用 had known。if 引导的非真实条件句中含有 were，had，should 时，可将它们提到主语之前，并将 if省略。4.Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong hands.(2015湖南卷)A.to leave B.leavingC.leave D.left答案 D 句意：如果落在不合适的人的手中，电子游戏就会有一个很坏的影响。leave的逻辑主语是 video games，主语 video games与 leave之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。if left.是状语从句的省略。5._ the nurse
35、s want a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.(大纲卷)A.Not do only B.Do not only 12C.Only not do D.Not only do答案 D 句意：护士们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。not only在句首引起句子时，该句用部分倒装，其结构为 not only do/will/can etc.，因此 D项正确。6._，they couldnt make her change her mind.A.Hard as they tried B.Tried hard as theyC.As th
36、ey tried hard D.They tried as hard答案 A 句意：尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。as 引导让步状语从句时，采用部分倒装的形式，故选 A。7.The director was fully convinced that this moving story，if _for television，would be a hit.A.adapted B.being adapted C.to be adapted D.having been adapted答案 A 此处为条件状语从句中的省略，省略了主语及系动词，补全后为 if it was adapted f
37、or television，故选 A。8.Dont press the red button，_you will set off the alarm.A.but B.or C.so D.and答案 B 句意：不要按红色按钮，不然警报就会拉响。在固定句式“祈使句and/or陈述句”中，祈使句相当于一个条件句，符合该条件就会有后面的结果，就用连词 and；不符合该条件就不会有后面的结果，就用连词 or。故 B项正确。9.Then_，each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.A.did the silence come B.ca
38、me the silenceC.the silence coming D.the silence came答案 B 在题干中，副词“Then”位于句首时，句子应使用全部倒装结构，由此可排除未使用倒装的 C、D 两项；A 项为部分倒装形式，也可排除；B 项为全部倒装结构。10.It was not the word you said _ angered Mr.Zhang，but _ you said it.A.that；how B.which；whatC.that；that D.which；why答案 A 句意：不是你说的话激怒了张老师，而是你说话的方式(激怒了他)。第一空填13“that”，与
39、 It was构成强调句型；第二空填 how表方式，在此引导名词性从句。11.You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all，_plenty of drinking water with you.A.to bring B.broughtC.bringing D.bring答案 D 句意：去山里散步之前你应该做好充分的准备。最重要的是要带足够多的饮用水。分析句子结构及语境可知后一句缺少谓语，故选 D。12.To my great surprise, there at the door _ tr
40、embling in wet clothes.A.stood a girl B.a girl stoodC.did a girl stand D.had a girl stood答案 A 句意：让我很吃惊的是，门口站着一个正在颤抖的女孩，衣服湿透了。介词短语置于句首，且句子主语为名词时，句子要用全部倒装，即介词短语谓语主语。故选A。13.Hardly _ on the stage when the audience rose and cheered.A.had the singer appearedB.did the singer appearC.was the singer appeared
41、D.appeared the singer答案 A hardly.when.表示“一就” ，hardly 为表否定意义的副词，位于句首时句子使用部分倒装；在 hardly.when.结构中，主句一般用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。故此处应将 had提前，A 项正确。14.When we _ a mistake, we must correct it fully, openly, and as quickly as possible.A.do make B.dont makeC.making D.not making答案 A 句意：当我们的确犯错误时，我们必须尽快地、公开地并完全地改正它。在谓语
42、动词前面加助动词 do/does/did，表示强调。15.All the scientific evidence _that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.A.show；are B.shows；are14C.show；is D.shows；is答案 D 句意：所有的科学证据表明：农业方面越来越多的使用化学物质正在损害着我们的健康。主语是 evidence “证据(不可数名词)” ，所以谓语动词应用单数式 shows，宾语从句的主语是 use “使用(不可数名词)” ，所以要用 is。16.The basketball coach, as well as his team，_ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A.were B.was C.is D.are答案 B as well as放在作主语的名词或代词后边，动词要与主语取得一致，故谓语动词用单数形式，且由语境确定 B项正确。
