1、,Summary Writing,What is “summary”?,A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的准确再现。,How to get a high mark?,考试说明中评分标准规定概要写 作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（21-25points）：理解准确，涵盖全部要点； 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇； 完
2、全使用自己的语言； 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑。,contents (内容),language skills (语言),structure (结构),all the key points,grammar, vocabulary,tight and coherent(连贯),your own words,about 60-80 words,right spelling, proper punctuation,How to writing a good summary?,定位 find out the essential information 改写 rewrite the
3、information in your own words 核查 check the sentences and add some conjunctions,A.定位,通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）,1. 确定文体 the types of the passage,2. 消减事例,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that
4、 washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.,3. 省略细节,（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）,essential information,B. 改写,在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达
5、形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。,改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。,1. 使用近义词或反义词,Zhou Yang will remember his first task as a reporter.,To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker performed two experiments.,Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist.,stud
6、y,if,carried out/ did/made,She brought home a lot of books and magazines.,2.把短语变为单词,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Cleaning away dirt benefits health.,3.使用广义词(general words)代替具体词(specific words),She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some t
7、extbooks.,He didnt like the city. He hated it.,4.消除重复,5. 把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语,The boss said to him, “ Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.”,He disliked the city.,The boss said that with more experience he could cover news.,6. 主动句和被动句互换,Robert Baker, a psychologist at the University of Kent
8、ucky, performed two experiments.,Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.,7.基本句型间灵活转换,Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,S+V+P,S+V+O,Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.,You will obtain all the information if various questions are asked.,8. 特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，
9、there be）和正常语序句式的转化,Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.,To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, ,there is really a sixth sense,9. 把从句变为短语(介词短语，非谓语动词短语),If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight
10、.,With the interviewees agreement, a recorder could be used.,_,The skin is a necessary organ, which can serve as a barrier against outside dangers.,Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at.,10.各种从句的灵活转化,His conclusion is that people are not equipped wi
11、th the ability to feel others observation.,C.核查,核查连贯性,优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、 thus、therefore、yet、however）,核查字数（60-80words）,核查标点和语法,+,Steps of writing summary,2016年考试说明概要写作样题, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,have, exist,changing,opinions，viewpoints,People have chan
12、ging opinions toward dirt over time. Changing viewpoints toward dirt exist. Peoples viewpoints towards dirt are changing. ,S+V+P,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. France / England In Europe,It was thought that/People believed that,prote
13、ctfrom;preventfrom;keepfree from,S+V+P,illness, getting ill,In the early 16th century, people, especially those in some European countries, thought that dirt on the skin could protect them from getting ill. In the early 16th century, people including some Europeans believed that dirt protected peopl
14、e from getting ill.,S+V+O,some European countries,since the 18th century cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Doing A is good to B,It is good for B to do A,People have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century.,remove, washoff,benefit your health, keephealthy,Since
15、the 18th century, people have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.,Nowadays an American immunologist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.,now /at present,some scientists,advise, suggest, hold the view,powerful,expose to,Now, more peopl
16、e hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system.,More and more people believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. ,People have changing opinions toward dirt over time. In the early 16th century, it was thought that dirt on the skin coul
17、d protect people from getting ill. However, people have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century. Now, an increasing number of people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to strengthen immune system.,Dont forget to make your summary tight!,Examp
18、le 1:,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is
19、 groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages. Drier climates are of course more likely to have
20、droughts than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This show
21、s how much we depend on water to live, but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks i
22、n your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,关注那些承上启下过渡句,Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages. Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good ma
23、nagement can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.,关注那些总起句和小词,Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but theres a
24、lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water sup
25、ply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,如何使用自己的语言概括,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our riversare clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving a road can lead to le
26、ss useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.,Sample,参考答案Human activities, such as w
27、asting water, polluting rivers and constructing roads, can partly lead to water shortage. Meanwhile, drier climates are another cause of insufficient water supply. Hopefully, if you take action to use water smartly/wisely in your daily life, say, using the same glass of water, maximizing the efficie
28、ncy of dishwashers, helping repair leaks and recycling batteries, you can still make a significant difference.,Example 2:,Many couples who already have one healthy, happy child, are facing a dilemma, that is, the issue of whether to have a second child or not. They have hard jobs and limited time an
29、d money, but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child. So, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child? That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand.One popular saying is that one child means a lonely chi
30、ld. Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child. They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child, because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with, which may make the child feel lonely at times, especially during vacations.Another c
31、ommon argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. If one couple had only one child, the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who grows up with
32、brothers or sisters.However, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents. With just one child, they suggest, there is little chance of family arguments concerned with
33、 children. Besides, as an only child in the family, the child can receive more quality time and attention. This often leads to increased self-respect and independence, which can lead to the child being more confident.Unluckily, there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a se
34、cond child. Every family is different, and what is proper for one family may not be for another. The important thing, in the end, is to make a decision that both you and your spouse (配偶) feel confident about.,关注那些表示观点的句子,One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child. Thats why many singl
35、e-child parents plan to have a second child. They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child, because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with, which may make the child feel lonely at times, especially during vacations.Another common argument against h
36、aving just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. If one couple had only one child, the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who grows up with brothers or sisters.,关注那
37、些转折词,However, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents. With just one child, they suggest, there is little chance of family arguments concerned with children. Besi
38、des, as an only child in the family, the child can receive more quality time and attention. This often leads to increased self-respect and independence, which can lead to the child being more confident.,如何把握文章整体结构,Many couples who already have one healthy, happy child, are facing a dilemma, that is,
39、 the issue of whether to have a second child or not. One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child. Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters. However, in many parts of the world, more and more parent
40、s are still choosing not to have a second child Unluckily, there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child. ,Sample,参考答案Whether or not to have a second child has put many couples in a dilemma. Some supporters think one child means a lonely and spoiled child. With s
41、iblings, children can learn to share and get on well with others. However, some opponents argue that an only child will get more quality time and attention while causing fewer arguments. Still, there is no easy answer to the issue. Its up to the couple to make a proper decision about it.,Example 3:,
42、This was an unforgettable and wonderful experienceIt happened about three years ago and it has had a strong effect on meI would like to show respect here for the man I do not know personally but whose actions gave a new meaning to the words kind and generousI was walking down a busy street on a cold
43、, windy day in early winter. A homeless man, probably about 60 and without wearing any shoes, was begging for change on a street cornerA BMW car pulled up on the other side of the street and an executive（主管）who was perfectly dressed stepped out of the carHe was probably about 60 years old. He was we
44、aring a blue business suit with a deep red silk tieHe walked directly across the street and over to the homeless manWithout saying anything, he first gave him a lot of money and then he sat down and took off his leather gloves, beautiful black leather shoes and his black dress socksThen he handed th
45、em to the homeless manThe homeless man took them and stared at him with an open mouthAs he drove off, I couldnt help thinking that it was probably the first time he had pressed the pedal（踏板）of that top-brand BMW car with a bare foot! I stood there and the looks of astonishment appeared on my face an
46、d the homeless mansTwo men of about the same age but very different lives had met and the one who was successful in materials had offered more than his shoesHe had left this BMW car and stepped down from his high positionHe lifted up the other man when he offered respect, kindness and real generosit
47、y,关注记叙文的基本要素,5W1H When: on a freezing winter day Where: on the street Who: a successful business man of about 60 What: help a homeless man of about 60 with money and goods (socks,etc.) Why: kindness How: happened to come across and gave away,关注夹叙夹议的内容,Unforgettable experience the new meaning of kind
48、ness and generosity,如何使用自己的语言转述故事,I -the writer, the author, the witness, the story-teller,Sample,参考答案On a freezing winter day, a successful businessman of 60 happened to come across a poor beggar of the same age. He walked out of his BMW and gave the beggar a lot of money and even his own shoes and socks. As a witness, the author was as astonished as the beggar. This unforgettable experience taught the author the new meaning of kindness and generosity. (66 words),
