1、Chapter 3,Nouns,Warming-up,Group discussionTopic for discussion:What is a noun? Do you know which words belong to nouns?,Introduction,DefinitionA noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. The highlight
2、ed words in the following sentences are all nouns:e.g. Late last year our neighbours bought a goat. Portia White was an opera singer. The bus inspector looked at all the passengers passes. According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.,Introduction,A. Classificationa. Prop
3、er Nouns Persons namee.g. Diana, Mrs Green, President Clinton, etc. The name of placee.g. Beijing, West Lake, the Yellow River, etc.,Introduction,A. Classificationa. Proper Nouns The name of certain peoplee.g. Americans, Russians, Democrats, etc. The name of some abstract thingse.g. English, Buddhis
4、m, Christianity, etc.,Introduction,A. Classificationa. Proper Nouns The name of months, weekdays, and festivalse.g. May, Saturday, Easter, etc. The name of books, films, and poemse.g. A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind, etc. The address to the family memberse.g. Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom, etc.,Intro
5、duction,A. Classificationb. Common Nouns Individual NounsThe nouns which indicate the specific person or thing, has both the singular form and the plural form.e.g. He has two aunts. Collective Nounse.g. aristocracy, army, audience, cast, etc.,Introduction,A. Classificationb. Common Nouns Material No
6、unsThe things that cannot be divided into smaller parts are called material nouns.e.g. beer, coffee, fabric, fertilizer, etc. Abstract NounsCharacteristics: 1) abstract2) uncountable3) no plural form4) without a / an ahead of it (in common condition)e.g. absence, age, agriculture, etc.,Introduction,
7、B. Countable noun & Uncountable nouna. Some nouns are uncountable in English, but countable in Chinesee.g. Furniture, equipment, clothing, news, etc.b. Some nouns can be both countable and uncountablee.g. glass, copper, youth, etc.,Introduction,B. Countable noun & Uncountable nounc. Some individual
8、nouns can be changed as abstract onese.g. They are building a new school.He finished school at sixteen.d. Some paired nouns are one countable, the other uncountablee.g. poem (C.) poetry (Uc.) machine (C.) machinery (Uc.),Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsa. The regular form + -s / -es (common
9、condition)+ -es (s, x, ch, sh)consonant+-y i+ -es (consonant + y)The pronunciation of “-(e)s”/s/ (after /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/)/iz/ (after /s/, /z/, etc.)/z/,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsa. The regular form Ended with “-o” + -ese.g. heroes, potatoes, echoes, etc.Exceptions:1) Vowel + o / oo +
10、 -se.g. videos, radios, studios, etc.2) Some loan wordse.g. pianos, concertos, solos, etc.3) Some abbreviations and proper nounse.g. kilos, photos, micros, etc.,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsa. The regular form Ended with f / - fef v + -ese.g. half halves wolf wolvesExceptions: /fs/e.g. ro
11、of roofs cliff- cliffs proof proofs,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsb. The irregular form man men woman womenox oxen policeman policemen Loan wordse.g. analysis analyses basis basescrisis crises thesis theses,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsc. Other forms Compounding+-e(s)e.g. theatr
12、e-goers fire-engines forget-me-nots Others1) Years+ -s / se.g. the 1990s / 1990s,Introduction,2) Abbreviations+ -s / - se.g. VIPs / VIPs3) English letters+ -se.g. es, is, etc.,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounsd. Zero form Common condition1) The name of some animalse.g. bison, deer, reindeer,
13、cod, etc.2) Compounding (-craft)e.g. craft, aircraft, hovercraft, etc.3) The name of some countriese.g. Chinese, Japanese, etc.,Introduction,4) Otherse.g. species, means, works, offspring, etc. Exceptions1) hair / hairse.g. Go and get your hair cut.Therere hairs on your jacket.2) fruit / fruitse.g.
14、He does not eat too much fruit.There the most common fruits are pear, apple and peach.3) fish / fishese.g. I caught a fish (two fish).Well go and look at the fishes in the aquarium.,Introduction,C. The plural Form of Nounse. Plural nouns Some nouns are usually used in plural formse.g. scissors, trou
15、sers, pliers, etc. Some nouns ended with s are not the plural onese.g. diabetes, rickets, physics, etc. Some nouns are in plural form to indicate a certain meaninge.g. see the sights the authorities,The Possessive Case of Nouns,A. Formations (apostrophes) the possessive case of nounsa. Rules Singula
16、r form + -se.g. Philips new address her sister-in-laws mother Plural form + e.g. workers restrooms the officers living quarters Plural form (without (e)s) + se.g. childrens books the Working Peoples Palace of Culture s + s / e.g. Engelss works,The Possessive Case of Nouns,A. Formationb. Pronunciatio
17、n/s/ (after /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ voiceless consonant)/iz/ (after /s/, /z/, / t /, / /, /d/)/z/ (Other conditions),The Possessive Case of Nouns,B. Usagea. Often used in the nouns indicating persons, to show sbs belongingse.g. Is this Mr. Blacks office?b. Used in some advanced and lower animals namee.g.
18、 birds eye, mares, ewes,The Possessive Case of Nouns,B. Usagec. After some lifeless nouns Timee.g. yesterdays Ill never forget that nights experience. Distance, pricee.g. The park is a stones throw from here. Nation, citye.g. That was the first time I had left Englands shore. Mass, organizatione.g.
19、We sat in the stations waiting-room until evening.,The Possessive Case of Nouns,B. Usaged. In some fixed phrasese.g. Ill take the risk for friendships sake.,The Possessive Case of Nouns,C. Significancea. Active relatione.g. Johns gift to Marry was a watch.b. Passive relation e.g. Everybody is singin
20、g the fighters praise.c. Featurese.g. The young boy has a mans voice.d. s + of phrasee.g. I saw a play of Shaws.,The Possessive Case of Nouns,D. Some omissionsa. To avoid repetitione.g. “Whose seat it is?” “ It is Marys.”b. To show churches, shops, etc.e.g. We visited St. Pauls (Cathedral).He went i
21、nto a stationers to buy a ruler.c. To show sbs housee.g. He had to go to his sisters for dinner.,The Gender of Nouns,A. Masculine & Feminine forma. The nouns of personse.g. god goddess prince princessb. The nouns of animalse.g. lion lioness tiger tigressB. Most of the words cannot be divided into ma
22、sculine and feminine forms, but can show the gender provided adding man or woman, etc.e.g. a man servant, a woman worker, a male monkey, a she-wolf,The functions of nouns in the sentence,A. Subjecte.g. Knowledge is power.B. Predicativee.g. Smoking is my only weakness.C. Objecte.g. They agreed to fax
23、 us their proposals tomorrow.,The functions of nouns in the sentence,D. Appositivee.g. This is our department head, Dr. Owen.E. Direct Addresse.g. Come in, Mrs. Patterson.F. Attributee.g. We bought a new color TV.,Assignment,Review Chapter 3 Review the use of possessive nouns Exercises of nouns Preview Chapter 4,
