1、从属结构 概念 如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分,这种现象叫做“从属”。例如: the man with a gun in his handthe man who was holding a gun in his hand从属结构可以是词组(主要是介词词组),也可以是限定分句、非限定分句或无动词分句。,名词词组:名词词组介词词组,名词词组:名词词组关系分句,限定从属分句 限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。例如: What caused the fire is still a mystery.The man who did the robbery ha
2、s been caught.Since the speaker cant come, well have to cancel the meeting.,主语,名词性分句,修饰语,形容词性分句,状语,副词性分句,名词性分句 名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用,可以在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。That 从句作主语 That 从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作主语,通常采用 it 作先行主语,将 that 从句放在后面。例如: That you do not like her has nothing to do with it. Its possible
3、that therell be a vacancy. It is reported that the troops have already crossed the border.,That 从句作补足语 That 从句也可以在系动词后作补足语,说明事实或想法。例如: My advice is that you should sell the car. The answer is simply that they arent interested in doing it. That 从句作宾语 That 从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如: He complained that his
4、meal was cold. Evidence indicated that the experiments were unsuccessful. 少数几个介词后可以接 that 从句充当宾语,如 except that, but that, save that, in that: I prefer his plan to yours, in that his is more practical. We know nothing about her save that her surname is Jones.,That 从句作同位语 同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容,通常由 that 引导
5、,除此外还可用 whether, what 等疑问词。例如: We came to the decision that we must act at once. He made a proposal that the meeting be postponed. the fact that是较常见的同位语结构,例如: The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everybody in the office. He was held responsible for the fact that his dog had bitten hi
6、s neighbor. It is impossible to disguise the fact that business is bad.,The fact that 常置于句首充当主语,也可置于某些不能直接跟 that 从句的介词或动词之后充当宾语。,That 的省略问题 That 从句充当主语、补语、同位语时,一般不省略。That 从句充当宾语时,如果前面的动词为常用动词,that 往往可以省略,如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用的动词,that 不宜省略。例如: She said (that) she was feeling better. The judge held that the
7、 childs interests in this case must come first. 当一个句子有多个 that 从句充当宾语时,第一个 that 可以省略,但后面的 that 不能省略。例如: He told me (that) he would go fishing tomorrow afternoon and that he would invite Mary to go with him.,Whether/if 从句 Whether/if 从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句,采用陈述句的语序。例如: She asked whether/if I could speak Fr
8、ench.She didnt say shed go or stay at home. Tell me you like it or not. I am wondering or not we will get there in time.Tell me to do it. I didnt know to believe him or not .,whether/if,whether/if,Whether 和 if 都可与 or 或 or not 连用,但 whether 可以直接后随 or not,if不行。,whether,whether,whether,Whether 后可直接跟不定式,
9、if不行。,he will agree is another matter. It was uncertain he could come. The question is people will buy it. I worry about I have locked the door. The board will talk over the problem it should invest in the project or not.在容易引起歧义的句子,不要用 if 代替 whether。例如: Let me know if you intend to come.,Whether,whe
10、ther,whether,whether,充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语,引导同位语时,应该用 whether,不宜用 if。,If you intend to come, let me know.,Let me know whether you intend to come.,总之,对于选择用 whether 还是 if 感到没有把握的时候,用whether 总是保险的。,whether,Wh-从句 Wh-从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的间接问句,采用陈述句的语序。试翻译下列句子: 他问我为什么迟到。至于你应该穿什么衣服,没有特别规定。他什么时候来取决于天气。这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。问题
11、是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。,He inquired why I was late.(宾语),There are no special rules as to what clothes you should wear.(介词宾语),When he will come depends on the weather.(主语),Its a mystery to me how it all happened.(主语),The problem is where we can get the necessary funds.(主语补语),形容词性分句(关系分句) 副词性分句(状语分句)英语中的从属连词
12、分类简单从属连词,如 Before, since, although, because, etc. 复杂从属连词 As if, as long as, in case, etc. 关联从属连词 asso, sothat, hardlywhen, etc. 边缘从属连词 The moment, the instant, etc.,The instant she saw him, she knew he was her lost brother.Where there is a will, there is a way. You must do the exercises as I show yo
13、u. Because it was wet, he didnt go out for a walk that day.What have I done that you should be so angry with me?The teacher speaks clearly so that his students can understand well. In case it rains, we wont be able to go there on foot.,时间状语分句,地点状语分句,方式状语分句,原因状语分句,结果状语分句,目的状语分句,条件状语分句,When, while, as
14、 三者都可以引导时间状语分句。当用来表示一件事正在进行的时候(时间分句)又发生了另外一件事(主句)时,三者可以互换使用。例如: I saw him when/while/as he was walking in the park. 注意要点: While 一般可用 when 来替代,但when 并不都能用 while 替代。试比较: John arrived I was cooking.John arrived, I was cooking.he heard a knock at the door, he turned on the light.,when/while,When,When,当时
15、间状语分句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时,常由 when 引导,因为 while 所表达的时间通常指整个时间段或过程。,谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时,最常用的是 while。这种场合,when 和 as 都不常用。例如: What were you thinking about while I was reading the book? What were you doing while he was getting the drinks? 如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生,最常用的是 (just) as,也可以用 (just) when。例如: She dropped her glasses (j
16、ust) as she stood up. I thought of it (just) when you opened your mouth. 试观察: She gets more attractive she grows. The thought grew the day passed.,as,as,如果要说明两个正在发展或变化的情况,通常用 as。,When 的特殊用法 表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进行时,后接 when 从句。例如: I was taking a walk when I came across him. I was just getting into
17、 the bath when the telephone rang. 另一种结构是与 be about to 或 be on the point of 连用。例如: I was about to go to sleep when there was a knock on the door. I was on the point of leaving when you rang. 表示“然后”、“而后”的意思。例如: I expect to be there two days or so, when I shall return. She was a bank clerk till the wa
18、r, when she trained as a nurse. 有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。,Hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan 我刚坐下,他就进来了。我们刚一出发,就下起了暴雨。还可以将 hardly, scarcely, no sooner 置于句首,但应注意倒装。例如:,I had hardly/scarcely sat down, when/before he stepped in.,We had no sooner set out than a storm broke.,这两种用法中,主句动词一般用过去完成体,从句
19、动词用一般过去时。,Hardly/Scarcely had I sat down, when/before he stepped in.,No sooner had we set out than a storm broke.,As soon as, the moment/instant (that) 等 他们一推开门就听到说话声。(as soon as)我一眼就认出她来。(the instant)我一接到你的口信就动身了。(the moment)我一做完工作就回家了。(directly/immediately/instantly),They heard voices as soon as t
20、hey opened the door.,I recognized her the instant I saw her.,I started the very moment I got your message.,I went home directly/immediately/instantly I had finished work.,Asso As the planets revolve round the sun, so electrons revolve round the nucleus of an atom. 倒装: As fire tries gold, so does adv
21、ersity try virtue.沙漠似海,骆驼似舟。 省略: As in all other substances, so in liquids the molecules are constantly moving. =As in all other substances the molecules are constantly moving, so are the molecules in liquids. 其它用法: As lungs are to the animals, so leaves are to the plants. (what) As you go farther n
22、orth, (so) the winter becomes longer. (the more, the more),As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship.,Because, for 使用 because 常见的错误: The reason (that/why) we stopped was because it started to snow. Why he was absent was because he was ill.Because 用于否定式之后,常产生歧义。例如: She did not marry hi
23、m because he was a lawyer.He doesnt like them because they are always helpful, but because they never complain.,Because he was a lawyer, she did not marry him.,She married him not because he was a lawyer.,He likes them not because they are always helpful, but because they never complain.,Because 与 f
24、or 的用法区别 The day breaks the sun is rising. The day breaks the birds are singing.it was raining he took a taxi.A: why does the doctor look so tired and sleepy? B: he sat up all night with the patient.She didnt want to go to Africa, chiefly the weather is too hot.It is he has behaved so badly that he
25、must be punished.,because, for,Because,Because,because,because,As, since, now that As 表示的原因往往很明显或估计对方已经知道,所以它只是说话者的附加说明。例如: As rain has fallen, the air is cooler. As she didnt come, we left without her.Since 用法与 as 类似,也用于附带说明;不同的是,since 有时含有根据存在的情况进行推断的意思,既表示原因,又有条件的含义,通常译为“既然”。例如: Since that is so,
26、 there is no more to be said.Since it cant be helped, lets leave it at that.,事情既然如此,还有什么可说的。,既然没有办法,只好让它这样算了。,Now that 引起的从句表示由于新情况的出现而促成某事发生。它与 since 的区别在于,它只能表示现在才发生的情况。例如: Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident. Now that it has stopped raining, lets start at once. Sothat, suchthat, s
27、o that Sothat 表示结果 She was so angry that she couldnt speak. He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. Jack has so many friends that he cant remember all of them. Suchthat 表示结果 It was such a foggy day that we could hardly see the road.,So that 表示结果或目的 John spoke through a microphone so that
28、he could be heard in every room. So that he could be heard in every room, John spoke through a microphone. John spoke through a microphone, so that he was heard in every room.在正式文体中间或也能单独用 that- 结构表示“结果”。例如: He must have annoyed you very much that you spoke to him like that. I must be getting absent
29、-minded that I forget to bring my ticket.,(目的),(目的),(结果),So that 表示结果只能置于句末。,Though, although Although 比 though 正式,语气较重,但二者在意思上没有什么区别。例如: He didnt light the fire though/although it was cold. 虽然它们可以互换,但还是有若干区别的: I forget my appointment even though my secretary reminded me. Though everyone desert you,
30、 I will not. He said he would come; he didnt though. Child though/as he was, he could swim in the deep river. Difficult though the task was, they managed to complete it in time. Difficult as was the task, (主语是名词不是代词,需倒装) Though the pain was bad, still he didnt complain. Although I believe it, yet I
31、must consider. 不能用but,但是可以用still或yet这样的副词。,Ifnot 与 unless Unless 肯定式动词 if 否定式动词。例如: Unless Peter improves his work, hell fail in the exam. = If you dont put on your overcoat, youll catch a cold. = Unless 的语气比 ifnot 强,而且较常用。 Unless 可用于补充前面的话,这时不能用 ifnot 替换。例如: Have a cup of tea unless you prefer a co
32、ld drink. I couldnt have got to the meeting on time unless I had caught an earlier train. I couldnt have got to the meeting on time if I hadnt caught an earlier train.,If peter doesnt improve his work, hell fail in the exam.,Unless you put on your overcoat, youll catch a cold.,陈述语气,虚拟语气,在虚拟的条件句中,应用
33、if 引导,不用 unless。例如: If you hadnt studied hard, you would have failed the exam. She would be better company if she didnt complain so much.Unless 本身为否定结构时,不能用 ifnot 替换。例如: Dont ask me to explain unless you really dont understand. Dont ask me to explain if you really dont understand.补充:if only 与 only if If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.Ill tell you, only if you dont tell anybody else.,虚拟语气,表示强烈的愿望或遗憾。,表示充分必要条件,“只要”。,