1、高中英语语法总结 第一章 主谓一致(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:1. 单数主语即使后面带有 with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.No one except two serva
2、nts was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。2. 用 and 连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人 ,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.( 一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具 . (两样物)用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。3. 不定式(
3、短语), 动名词( 短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4. 用连接的并列主语被 each, every 或 no 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from
4、the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。6. 若主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但 more+复数名词+than one 做主语时 , 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:Many a boy likes p
5、laying basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glass
6、es 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。9. 形复意单名词如 :news ; 以 ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及 The United Nations 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。10. “a +名词
7、+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。(二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The r
8、est of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的 60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of 等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于
9、量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3. 加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 减去 5 等于 10。4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式 , 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。5. (1) 通常作复数的集体
10、名词. 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to di
11、smiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原则1. 由 here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时) 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay
12、 while you are away?你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2. 用连词 or, either or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：Mary is
13、one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。第二章：非谓语动词不定式（infinitive） 、分词（participle） 、动名词（gerund）是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。 （表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，则表示不可以。 ）作用种类 主语 宾语 宾语
14、补足语 表语 定语 状语不定式 动名词 分 词 非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：第一节、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：不定式：主动态 to do; 被动态 to be done; 动名词：主动态 doing; 被动态 being done。例 1：To act like that is foolish.例 2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。例 3：Walking is a good form of exercise for
15、both young and old.例 4： What made you so late for work today ? Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic.因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点：1表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例 2） 。表示无时限的泛指动作（如例 3）或描述当时的情况（如例 4） ，倾向用动名词。2在下列句型用动名词作主语It is no good doing.（没有
16、用）There is no doing. （不可能）It is no good arguing with him. 和他争论没有用。There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen.练习 1 （改错）As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.2 （改错）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather caref
17、ully.3 （选择）_ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed答案 1learn learning 原形动词不能作主语。2are is 单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。3.答案 D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与 expose 为被动关系，所以选 D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。 1Your task this
18、 morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。 （不定式解释主语内容）2My hobby is collecting stamps. （动名词解释主语内容）练习 1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.（99 全国）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正确: What we do is pr
19、epare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.答案 1、B。is 后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式 to make life easier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选 B。2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词 do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略 to; 若没有实义动词 do,表语中 to 不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。1不定式作宾语例 1He demanded to know the truth.例 2The car failed t
20、o stop at the red light. 那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如： agree（同意） ，decide, refuse, pretend（假装） ，manage（设法） ，promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望）afford to do （买得起，承担得起） ，bother todo（特意） ，choose to do（愿意或决定） attempt / seek to do（试图） learn to do（学习或学会）短语 would like（love）to do ，wou
21、ld prefer to do（更愿意） ，be about to do（即将）, 介词 but / except to do 例 1）I have no choice but to give up the plan.2）There was nothing we could do except wait.注：but / except 前有实义动词 do, 其后 to 必须省去请注意以下几点：1）疑问代词如 what，which ；疑问副词如 when, whether（why 除外）引导的不定式可作 know, decide 等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例 1We have
22、nt decided what steps to take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2I really dont know whether to write to her or give her a phone call. I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call.这种结构也可以作主语和表语例 1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例
23、 2Our difficulty is where to get enough money.2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to” 。例： Would you like to go for a picnic with me ? Id love to, but I cant spare any time at present.（to 后省略了 go for a picnic with you）3）不定式的时态与语态：主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态形 式 时 间 概 念 形 式 时间概念to do (一般时 ) 1）未发生 2）和谓语动作同时 to be done 同
24、左to be doing (进行时)谓语动作发生时，正在进行to have done (完成时) 发生在谓语动作之前to have been done 同 左不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中： seem / appear（似乎）tohappen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（据说）to be reported（据报导）tobe thought / supposed / considered/ believed（据认为）to be known（知道）to请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。I happened to be stand
25、ing next to him when he fell down.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylightyesterday. 据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。4）was / were to have done ；would like to have donewished（hoped / wanted / intended /
26、meant）to have done表示当时想做，而实际不能做到I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it.I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我当时真想帮助摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。2动名词作动词或介词的宾语I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。I narrowly missed being killed in the car acci
27、dent. 在那次车祸中我死里逃生。He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承认偷了我的自行车。There is no point in arguing any further.再争议下去毫无意义。 1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：understand（理解） ，admit（承认） ，keep（on） （继续） ，practise（练习） ，finish（完成） ，imagine （想象） ，miss （错过，避免） ，avoid（避免） ，escape（逃避） ，suggest（建议） ，dislike（讨厌） ，enjoy （喜欢） ，delay（
28、推迟） ，excuse（原谅） ，mind （介意） ，appreciate（感激） ，oppose（反对） 。另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如： allow doing（比较：allow sb. to do） advise doing（比较：advise sb. to do）2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语：be worth（值得） ，pay attention to（注意） ，object to （反对） ，cant help（不自禁） ，devote oneself to （致力于） ，put off（推迟） ，be / get used to（
29、习惯于） ，feel like（想要） ，look forward to （盼望） ，get down to（开始做，认真做某事） ，how / what about（怎么样） ，There is no point (in) doing sth (做某事毫无意义)3 下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。remember doing 回忆起过去做过的事remember to do 记住要做的事forget doing 忘记了曾做过的事forget to do 忘记该做的事regret doing 对已发生的事表示后悔regret to do 对现在要发生的事表示
30、抱歉mean doing 意味着，意思是mean to do 打算，想要try doing 试一试某种方法try to do 设法去做一件事比较 1I dont mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放弃这个计划。A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。比较 2I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。We regret to tell you tha
31、t you owe the bank too adj + a + n to doso adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to doThe boy is too young to dress himself.He was too shrewd（精明的）a businessman to accept our offer.他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 请把收音机开小一点。He cant have done such a terrible thing as to
32、keep you waiting so long.他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用 only 来加强意想不到的语气。如：(04 福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加 thus, 加强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducin
33、g costs. 新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3）方式状语结构： S（人，物）be + adj to do特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语（2）形容词为：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous 等。1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。3.That man is difficult to
34、deal with. 那个人很难对付。4.The river is dangerous to swim in.注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主要形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例 4。4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.You were silly not to have locked your car. (04 湖南)第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定
35、式作宾语补充语。My parents dont allow me to stay out late.She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind.这些动词和短语为：wish, want, ask, require / request（要求） ；order, warn（警告 ） allow / permit, forbid（禁止）, expect, remind（提醒） ，encourage, inspire （激励）call on（号召，要求） ， depend on, long for sb. to do（渴望）请特别记住下列动词的宾补
36、形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。1 make（使）+ O + C + do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S + be made to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。注：句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词； “C”代表宾补。例：Those who wont work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。He couldnt make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。2Keep（leave）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 （使处于某种状
37、态） done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S + be + kept（left ） doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。His work was left undone. 他丢下工作不去干。3 find（发现）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S + be +found doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。例：（03
38、全国）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 4 doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系with + O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系to do（动作未发生）例：1.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. 他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。2.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is havi
39、ng a hard time. （ 02 上海春季）由于很多棘手的问题要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。5catch sb. doing ; be caught doing该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见、发现。例：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （04 北京春季）他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋6 do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。have（使）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直进行。done 宾语与宾
40、补动作为被动关系。(表示： 1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。 ）例: 1.Whom would you like to have handle the complication problem?2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. 保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。7. get+ O + C to do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 Get sb to do = have sb. do。done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。get sth done = have sth. done。例：Youll never ge
41、t her to agree.When are going to get your hair cut ?8感官动词 hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel 等。do 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束，或经常 hear + O + C 性发生doing 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。done 宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经S + be +heard 常发生doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。done 主语与分词动作为被
42、动关系。例：He has never heard her sing so well before.I didnt notice you carrying a pack when you came in.Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific idea.改错：1）Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western China.A B C D2）I demand you all to take your wor
43、k quite seriously.A B C D3）His appearance immediately made all the children becoming excited.A B C D4）This song has never been heard to be sung so well.A B C D5）With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the trip until next week.A B C D答案：1）B 错 are hoped are wished hope sb. to do 典型病句2）B
44、 错 to take （should）takedemand 句型：1）demand to do 2）demand that (should)do3）C 错 becoming become 现在分词 doing 不能做 make 的宾补。4）C 错 to be sung sung5）B 错 remained remaining。 remain “剩下”是不及物动词，只有主动形式。注意：以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。第六节、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语在三种情况下需用不定式作定语：1） 动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用主动形式还是被动形式，由句子的主
45、语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children. 在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play in making the earth a better place to live （03 上海春季）她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。 若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如：No
46、w I feel very lonely because I cant find anyone to talk with.2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如 need, way, reason, right 等，不定式解释其内容。There is no need to quarrel with him.Please give your reason to refuse him.3）被修饰的词，其前有序数词 first, second, last, only 作定语。He is always the first（one）to get to school every day.She was the on
47、ly one to survive in the air crash. 她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。2分词作定语以下情况常用分词作定语：1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”（99 全国）现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。reading“sorry to miss you; will call la
48、ter.”= which read “sorry to miss you; will call later.”2）若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，动词采用以下三种形式：a）动作已发生或为经常性行为，用 done。b）若动作正在进行用 being done。c）动作未发生，用 to be done。例 1：Many things impossible in the past are common today.Aconsidering Bto consider Cconsidered Dbeing considered2：People are talking about the play in two days at the theatre.Ato perform Bbeing performed Cperformed Dto be performed例 1 答案为 C。例 2 答案为 D。典型例题1) They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。2) The
