1、,语法知识,冠 词,冠词可分为不定冠词(a/ an)和定冠词(the)。a用在第一个音素为辅音音素时(注意：不是辅音字母)；an用在第一个音素为元音音素时(注意：不是元音字母)。1.不定冠词的用法。（1）用在可数名词前表示“一个”。a university，a useful animala European car，an honest boy,an X-ray, an 800-word-long composition等。(2) 表示“某一个”They are of an age(=of the same age)A Mr. White is waiting for you downstair
2、s. (=a certain),(3) 不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等，它们后面加0f时，前面需用不定冠词aan.如：Her new book is a collection of short stories,4有些不可数名词在习惯使用中须加不定冠词。1抽象名词+aan表具体They had a good time at the party. 2动词转化成名词 take a break, have a rest, 3患病 have a fever, catch a bad cold, have a headache /toothache/ s
3、tomachache4同源宾语 live a.life, die a.death, dream a.dream,(5) a, an 与one的区别：a和an强调类别，而one强调数量上的区别。如：We need a doctor.我们需要一名医生，强调的意思是“医生”，而不是“教师” “律师”等其他职业。We need one doctor.则强调：我们只需要一位医生，而不是两位、三位。(6). 与表示 数量的词连用 a bit; a great deal; a few ; a little; a lot of ; a good many; a number of,2.定冠词the的用法,eg
4、. the Curies, the Greens, the SmithsThe Chens are going to move to Langfang 姓陈的一家要搬到廊坊去。(1)姓氏名词前用定冠词表示一家人或夫妇两人eg. In the 1990s, in the Tang Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, in the 1990s(2)年代、朝代的词前通常用定冠词。,3用在表单位的名词前。如：I have hired the car by the hour我已按小时租车。Eggs are sold by the dozen鸡蛋论打卖。,（4）表
5、示文中再次提到的人和物。eg. I bought a book yesterday. The book is very interesting.,(5)表示特指的人或物（即说话时彼此都知道的事物）。 例如：Give me the book, please. 老师要求学生:Look at the blackboard./表示师生都知道的哪个黑板和门。（6）表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：the sun, the earth, the moon, the capital, the sky, the universe但在 in nature（在自然界）, in space（在太空）等短语中，natur
6、e和space(表示“太空”意思）前通常不用冠词。,(7序数词、形容词最高级前通常用定冠词。the first, the best注意：*有时在比较级前也须用定冠词。eg. He is the taller of the two.*有时形容词的最高级前也可用不定冠词表示“非常”的意思。eg. Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.序数词前加不定冠词表示“再一” “又一”eg : I couldt make a second try.与one, another 并列连用时，用a third.eg:One is deaf, another is blind,and a
7、 third is lame.,(8)用在介词短语，分词短语，或定语从句的名词前。The man speaking at the meeting is our teacher.the music of the filmThe computer John bought yesterday is made in New York.,(9)用作名词的方位词前通常用定冠词，用作副词则不用。n. eg. in/on/to the south/north/east/west of .on the left/rightadv. eg. Vietnam lies on the south of China.
8、Vietnam lies south of China. Turn left.,(10)形容词或分词前用定冠词可表示一类人或事物。eg. the rich, the poor, the young, the old, the living, the wounded, the beautiful,(11)表示地理名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。这样的名词有：江、河、海洋、山脉、岛屿、海湾、海峡等。the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Alps, the Philippines, the Persian gulf, the Pacific, the Eng
9、lish Channel,the China Daily, The Times,(12).用在人体部位名词前。 He seized me by the arm.在句型“动词+sb+介词+the+身体某一部位”中的the不可用人称代词代替。如：take sbby the arm/ hand 抓某人的手臂,13用在某些固定词组中。如：in the morning the next morning all the year round the other day 不久前的某天 =a few days ago make the most of in the daytime by the day in
10、the end in the habit of in the distance in the way 挡道 on the whole on the rightlefton the other handat the same timeat the moment go to the cinematheatre go to the doctorson the radiophone for the time being 暂时by the wayto tell the truth out of the question 不可能,14用在单数可数名词前表示类指。注意以下几种类指用法的区别：A horse
11、is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.a/an接单数可数名词意思是任何一个，而定冠词the接单数可数名词则强调整个类别。例如：虎面临着灭绝的危险，不能说A tiger is in danger of dying out.而应说The tiger is in danger of dying out（强调全部，整个类别）,15乐器的名称前通常用定冠词。eg. the piano, the violin.16在有些国家和民族的形容词前用定冠词表示这个国家人的总称。the English, t
12、he French, the Japanese, the Chinese,3.不用冠词的情况。零冠词的用法,1不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。 (1) writing _/_letters(2)Water is changed into _/_ steam by heat and into _/_ ice by cold.They are workers。泛指工人。不可数名词具体化时，可能会与aan连用。如：a heavy rain一场大雨 a surprise一件怪事 a successfailure一个成功的失败的人,2请牢记下列用零冠词的口诀：(1)星期、月、季节前一般不用冠词 i
13、n spring/summer/ autumn./Sunday/October.但若强调某一年的某一季节或月份时应用冠词in the spring of that yearI met him on a Monday last month.(2)头衔、职务前，MrLi is chairman of the meeting monitor of the class.As judge, he is very strict in his work,(3)三餐名词前。They have breakfast / lunch / supper / dinner.(4)节假,(尤其指现代和西洋节) at Ch
14、ristmas, on National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day*但在中国的那些传统节日的名称前通常用定冠词。the Spring Festival, the Dragons Day, the Mid-Autumn Day,3.在街道、广场、公园、大学等名词前一般不用冠词。They are walking along _/_Naijing Road._/_ Beijing University is very famous.Wangfujing Street（王府井）, Beihai Park, 但有少数也加定冠词。the Peoples Park, th
15、e Shanghai International Studies University,4系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语，用零冠词。Has he turned scientist? 他成为科学家了吗?5. 称呼语之前不加词: Waiter, bring my bill, please.6. 家庭称谓 如父母兄弟之前不加冠词 Father is out, but mother is at home.,7.倒装句：“零冠词+单数名词+asthough+主语+谓语”，意为“虽然尽管；Hero as he is，he has somshortcomings 虽然他是英雄，他也有缺点。,8在独
16、立主格结构的某一形式中。如：The teacher came in，book in hand. =with a book in his hand =holding a book in his hand =a book held in his handHe entered the forest, gun in hand.,9 学科、球类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。eg. Maths is an important subject.He likes playing football/chess.中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用 play erhu(二胡)西洋乐器的名称前通常用定冠词。eg. the pia
17、no, the violin.,6 、牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词它们是：weather, fun, space, advice, word news)，progress，information，news以上不可数名词永远不能与a/ an 连用。如：Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space,有无冠词的区别1. in front of 在（外）的前面 in the front of 在（内）的前面 Theres a garden in front of the classroom. Theres a blackboard in t
18、he front of the classroom. 3. at table 在用饭；吃饭时 at the table 在桌旁 He seldom talks at table. They sat at the table, talking and laughing.,1不可数名词复数名词letters 表泛指，不用冠词。 air, water, oil, information、 news, advice, culture, weather, fun。2 (1)星期、月、季节、/spring，/summer，/ (2)头衔、职务前， chairman of monitor of(3)三餐名词
19、前。breakfast / lunch / supper (4) 节日On /Womens Day , the Spring Festival, 3.在街道、广场、公园、大学等名词前.4系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词turned scientist? 5. 称呼语之前不加词: Waiter, 6. 家庭称谓 如父母兄弟之前不加冠词 Father is out, 7.倒装句 8在独立主格结构的某一形式中9 学科、球类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。乐器,（1）在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前一般不用冠词。专有名词一般指人名、地名等前一般不用冠词。如：Lei Feng, Marx, Beijing,
20、 Shanghai, America等词前不用冠词。但在含有普通名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。如：the United States of America, the Peoples Republic of China等。当专有名词表示某一特定意义时，前可用冠词 。eg. A Mr.Zhang came to see you just now.He is the Mr. Zhang you are looking for.He is a living Lei Feng.The Shanghai of today is quite different from what it used to be
21、.,(2) 学科、球类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。eg. Maths is an important subject.He likes playing football/chess.(3)一日三餐名称前一般不用冠词。have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner但若指具体的某顿饭，尤其是有形容词修饰是要用冠词。a nice dinner(4)季节、月份、星期前一般不用冠词。in spring/summer/ autumn./Sunday/October.但若强调某一年的某一季节或月份时应用冠词in the spring of that yearI met him on a
22、Monday last month.,(5)节日前一般不用冠词。如：at Christmas, on National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day等。但在中国的那些传统节日的名称前通常用定冠词。the Spring Festival, the Dragons Day, the Mid-Autumn Day(6)在街道、广场、公园、大学等名词前一般不用冠词。Nanjing Road, Wangfujing Street, Beihai Park, Qinghua University.但有少数也加定冠词。the Peoples Park, the Shangha
23、i International Studies University,(7).在某些独立结构中，不用冠词。He entered the forest, gun in hand.(8)表示人的职务、官阶的名词在句中做主语补足语、宾语补足语、同位语或表语时前不用冠词。指独一无二的职务前不用冠词。如，We made him chairman of the students union.He was elected monitor of the class.As judge, he is very strict in his work.,(9) 表示对应关系的两个词若表示一个概念时前不用冠词。Fath
24、er and son, husband and wife, teacher and student, town and country, enemy and friend.(10).泛指名词复数前不用冠词They are workers.(11).turn/go作“变”，后面的名词前不用冠词。He was a teacher before he turned writer.,(12).称呼语之前不加冠词: waiter,bring my bill,please.(13) 家庭称谓 如父母兄弟之前不加冠词Father is out, but mother is at home.(14)在以 As
25、 或though引导的让步状语从句中,表语名词位于句首时,不用冠词. Child as he is , he knows a lot about it. Fool as I was, I didnt believe every word he said.,（4）冠词的惯用法。有些不可数名词在习惯使用中须加不定冠词。They had a good time at the party.常见的类型有：1）动词转化成名词。take a break, have a rest, go for a walk/swim.2）患病have a fever, catch a bad cold, have a he
26、adache/toothache/stomachache3) 同源宾语live a.life, die a.death, dream a.dream有些个体名词表示抽象意义时前不用冠词.in prison, in hospital, go to church, in town, by hand, by radio, go to college, go to bed, at school, in pencil.,有无冠词的区别1. in front of 在（外）的前面 in the front of 在（内）的前面 Theres a garden in front of the classro
27、om. Theres a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 2. in charge of 掌管；负责 in the charge of 在负责之下 An experienced worker is in charge of the project. The project is in the charge of an experienced worker.,3. at table 在用饭；吃饭时 at the table 在桌旁 He seldom talks at table. They sat at the table, talking
28、and laughing. 4. by day 白天；日间 by the day 按日计 He works in an office by day. Cleaning women in big cities get paid by the day.,5. take place 发生；举行 take the place 代替；接替 When did this conversation take place? Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England. 6. in words 用言语 in a word
29、总之 Please express your thought in words. In a word, I dont trust you. .,7. at times 有时；不时 at a time 一次 I do feel a little nervous at times. Pass me the bricks two at a time. 8. little 少；不多的 a little 一些；一点点 Hurry up, theres little time left. Dont hurry, you still have a little time.,9. out of question 没问题 out of the question 不可能10. in possession of . 拥有. in the possession of 被所拥有11.go to church 去做祷告 go to the church 去教堂12. by sea 坐船, 取海路 by the sea 在海边.,THE END,
