1、Soybeans,Presented by: Samantha Privratsky Food, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010,Soybeans: Todays Topics,The Plant - Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing Cultivation/Pest Control- Growin
2、g season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides,Soy Products - Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks, pesticides Health Benefits Lowers cholesterol Complete protein Reduce breast cancer Health Risks Allergies Toxic pesticides/chemicals Raw soybeans toxicity Reduce sperm count Increase risk
3、 cancer,The Plant: Key points,Scientific name: Glycine maxMember of the legume family40% protein, 20% fat, 35% carbohydratesOriginated from China,The Plant: Origin Family Facts,Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill Wild relative: Glycine soja Most likely the ancestor of Glycine max Other relatives in Chi
4、na, Korea, Russia, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia Member of the Legume Family Alfalfa Peas Dry beans,The Plant: Origin Soybean has had many names:,Soya Bean,Soja Bean,Chinese Pea,Manchurian bean,Japan pea,Japan bean,Japan fodder plant,The Plant: Chemical Composition,40% protein; 20% fat; 35 % carbohyd
5、rates; 5% ash Complete protein: contain all essential amino acids 1 cup of green, raw soybeans includes:376 calories; 19g fat; 38mg sodium(2%DV); 11 g fiber; 33g protein; 50% DV Calcium; 50% DV Iron,Copyright 2010 School Nutrition Foundation. All Rights Reserved. www.schoolnutrition.org,The Plant: C
6、hemical Composition,Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is a scoring system created to analyze the quality of a protein.,Protein Quality Scale: Amino Acid Content,The Plant: Origins,The Plant: Origins,CHINA,JAPAN,KOREA,RUSSIA,MONGOLIA,Manchuria,To be more specific, soybeans cam
7、e from Manchuria, a region of China.,The Plant: Origin Medicinal values in 450 A.D.,Heart Liver Kidneys Stomach Bowels Lungs,Yellow & Green Seed Increased lung power Improved complexion Black Seed Used in foods Fed to horses before a long journey,Soybeans were believed to be good for the organs list
8、ed. Different seed colors were claimed to have different benefits to human health.,The Plant: Physical Characteristics,Annual Upright architecture Height varies from 7.9 in. 6.6 ft. Trifoliate leaves Flowers from auxiliary buds Seeds in pods (2 to 3 seeds/pod),The Plant: Maturity: Key Points,Soybean
9、s are photosensitive (i.e. requires a certain day length for flower initiation) Current cultivars are divided into 13 maturity groups (MG III and MG IV are grown in Ohio) Temperature, physiological age, and day length interact to affect soybeans.,The Plant Maturity: Photosensitivity,Soybeans are pho
10、tosensitive Begin to produce flowers when a critical dark period is reached (day length) Day length varies with latitude Soybeans were divided into types or groups according to their photosensitivity,Maturity: Maturity Groups,1818: W.J. Morse was first to divide soybeans into photosensitive groups (
11、3 groups) Late, medium and medium late, and very early 1925: Morse expanded his grouping to 5 1949: Morse expanded his grouping to 9 MG 0 to MG VIII Soybeans are now divided into 13 groups MG 000 to MG X,Maturity Groups,The Plant: Factors Affecting Maturity - interactions,Soybeans are affected by Te
12、mperature Physiological age Day length,The Plant Growth Types: Key Points,Indeterminate Determinate,Growth Types,Indeterminate flowers and set pods while continuing to grow vegetatively Determinate adds much less vegetative mass after flowering begins,Growth Types,Indeterminate Typically grown north
13、 of the 37th north parallel (about Lexington, KY) MG 00 through IV are in this area Determinate Typically grown south of the 37th parallel These types require more light for flowering Originally in south because of their ability to produce adequate forage,The Plant: Summary,Annual, upright, trifolia
14、te leaves, seeds in pods Maturity Groups based on photosensitivity 13 groups currently Two growth types: Indeterminate Determinate,Soybeans: Todays Topics,The Plant - Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybean
15、s- Processing Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides,Soy Products - Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks, pesticides Health Benefits Lowers cholesterol Complete protein Reduce breast cancer Health Risks Allergies Toxic pesticides/chemicals Raw soyb
16、eans toxicity Reduce sperm count Increase risk cancer Soybean Future,History Soybean Movement from Origin: Key Points,Used in China before recorded history Brought to U.S. before U.S. a country More knowledge about soybean agronomics and processing increased their production key events helped develo
17、p the soybean industry war, technology, weather, government program,Soybean History: Movement from Origin,1,Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History,History: Movement from Origin,2,Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History,3,History: Movement from Origin Three advances in the knowledge of soybean.,1905:
18、Commercial inoculant available in U.S. Germany: discovered that legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) when roots are nodulated by Rhizobia bacteria. (Massachusetts Experiment Station supported these findings). 1917: properly heated soybean meal was superior to unheated meal 1920: understanding of “ph
19、otoperiod sensitivity” of soybean to day length Soybeans need a certain period of day length to trigger flower production. Flower production is necessary for feed production.,3,As early as 1923, agricultural scientists were predicting big things for soybeans in the USA. The following is taken from:
20、Piper and Morse. 1923. The Soybean.,THE SOYBEANCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThere is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States,Soybean History,History: Key Events to Developing the Soybean Industry,1. World War II 2. Machine
21、Power 3. Dust Bowl New Deal Biotechnology,1. World War II,Germany promoted soybean production in Rumania and Bulgaria and guaranteed prices. 375,000 bushels in 1934 5.5 million bushels in 1941 The United States increased production for wartime products such as fats, oils, and oilseed meal. 78 millio
22、n bushels in 1940 192 million bushels in 1945,2. Machine Power,Tractors replaced the horse Soybeans replaced oats and corn grown for feed- 85 % of the worlds soybean crop processed into meal and vegetable oil for use in animal feed.,5. Dust Bowl,Droughts of 1934 and 1936 Soybeans were more drought t
23、olerant than corn Farmers switched some acres to soybeans to off-set their risk,6. New Deal,Great Depression: low corn prices Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to help corn prices by controlling the number of acres grown No acreage controls placed on soybeans Farmers who had reached their limit on cor
24、n switched to soybeans,Soybean History: Overall Concepts,Soybean (Glycine max) originated in China. Improvements in agronomics and processing generated more production. Wars, weather, machinery and government rapidly increased soybean acres. U.S. is the leader in soybean production, with Brazil, Arg
25、entina, and China following. Most soybeans are processed into oil and protein for food and feed.,History Soybean Production: Key Points,United States leads the world in soybean production. Brazil, Argentina, and China follow the U.S. in world production. Controlled by six Merchants of Grain: Cargill
26、, Continental(owned by Cargill), Louis Dreyfus, Bunge, Mitsui Cook, and Andre & Company Control storage Control transportation Control prices Genetically Modified Soybean Crops,History World Soybean Production (2007),Copyright 2007 North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, Inc.,History Soybean B
27、ushels Produced in 2000 (Total: 2.76 Billion Bushels),Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service,Soybeans: Todays Topics,The Plant - Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing Cultivation/Pe
28、st Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides,Soy Products - Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks, pesticides Health Benefits Lowers cholesterol Complete protein Reduce breast cancer Health Risks Allergies Toxic pesticides/chemicals Raw soybeans toxicity Reduce sperm c
29、ount Increase risk cancer Soybean Future,Soybean Pests and Pesticides,Pests,Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic Viral diseases,Pesticides,Calcium hypochlorite (326) Uses: Algaecide, Water TreatmentMagnesium phosphide (2085) Uses: Fumigant, Rodenticide Spinetoram (XDE-175-J) (5946
30、) Uses: Insecticide,Harmful effects of Pesticides,Acute Pesticide Poisoning Associated with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide - Iowa, 200727 cases of illness after workers sprayed with air pesticidesAll workers Hispanic, from Texas,Genetically Engineered Soybeans (GMO),Monsanto GM soybean seed patent - Herbi
31、cide-resistant soybean plants Three new genes genetically engineered into soybean from: - bacterium - cauliflower virus - petunia Drastic increase in U.S. G.M. Soybeans from 1996-1998 - 1996 GMO soybeans: 0.5 million hectares - 1998 GMO soybeans: 18 million hectaresResults in increase pesticide usag
32、e,Soybean Processing,1917: Processing Industry began in Illinois Oil yield occurs by solvent extraction Seeds are cleaned, cracked, and dehulled Use of unsafe chemicals to extract oil Remaining portion is rolled into flakes Flakes are toasted and used in soy meal and soy meal products Protein portio
33、n of flakes can be extracted and used in other products,Industrial Processing,Food safety risks: Processing involves mixing non-edible oils with edible oils(chloroethylene, hexene)Creates saturated fats: link to heart diseaseConsumers denied right to know what toxic chemicals may be in soy products,
34、http:/www.soyfoods.org/top/photos,Soybean Products,Soybeans: Todays Topics,The Plant - Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides,Soy Products - Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks, pesticides Health Benefits Lowers cholesterol Complete protein Reduce breast cancer Health Risks Allergies Toxic pesticides/chemicals Raw soybeans toxicity Reduce sperm count Increase risk cancer,
