1、Code-switching & Code-mixing,Tammy,Company Logo,Two Basic assumptions,Languages are distinct. One language is used at a time.In language contact situations, these assumptions are hard to hold on. Why?,Company Logo,Why?,Because languages coexisting in society are never equal because the languages are
2、 associated with: The demographic strength Power Prestige.,Company Logo,Thus,Thus, choosing elements of one language or another, implies the social meaning attached to the languages. Thus, every choice made, tells of a motivation of a speaker and can be explained. When speakers are competent in two
3、languages, language contacts (borrowing, pidginization, etc.) take place, and code-switching is one of them.,Company Logo,Code and Language,Language means genetically different language family or languages within the same family Code includes varieties of one language and the above in language.,Comp
4、any Logo,Code-switching,Codeswitching thus means the switch from one language to another or others and also from one variety of a language to another variety. Anyone who speaks more than one language chooses between them according to circumstances (Hudson, 2000: 25). Code-switching is “the alternati
5、ve use by bilinguals of two or more languages in the same conversation“ (Milroy, 1995: 7).,Company Logo,Code-switching,Attitudes to codeswitching are often seen as: “deficient, and bastardization blend” “often assume that speakers who code switch are forced to do due to the ability of the languages
6、in command are limited.” But choices across language boundaries are imbued of social meaning.,Company Logo,Code-switching and social meaning,Company Logo,Types of code-switching,Situational code-switching: the switches between languages always coincide with changes from one external situation (for e
7、xample, talking to members of family) to another (for example, talking to the neighbours). Metaphorical code-switching: bilingual speakers will use their choice of language in order to define the situation. For example, when residents in Norwegian talk to a clerk, they would use dialect to make gree
8、tings and use standard language to talk about the business part.,Company Logo,Types of code-switching,Crystal (2002): Switching between languages is extremely common and takes many forms. A long narrative may switch from one language to another. Sentences may alternate (inter-sentential code-switchi
9、ng). A sentence may begin in one language, and finish in another (intra-sentential code-switching). Or phrases from both languages may succeed each other in apparently random order (though in fact grammatical constraints are freuently involved).,Company Logo,When does code-switching occur?,When spea
10、kers are aware of the two varieties being distinct and are able to keep them apart. Habitually and may not be conscious about every switch they make. Code switching is regarded as a controllable strategy, differing from ordinary borrowing of individual lexical items. Borrowed has more frequency, so
11、frequent that it later belongs to the accepting language.,Company Logo,Who switches?,Two main factors to consider: People in bilingual communities. Receptive and rejective communities. Some cultures are more hybrid than others Chinese, French, Greek are more homogenous.,Company Logo,How do they swit
12、ch?,Four main general characteristics of their conversation They switch smoothly and without disruption in the conversation. Cooperation Transmit information Build rapport Code switching is rule governed. We must specify the rules that speakers apply in the switch. Which grammar did they use? L1, L2
13、, or Lx Grammar? Similar grammar = quicker switch Inter-sentential switch Intra-sentential switch,Company Logo,Why do we code switch?,Crystal (2002): Speakers cannot express themselves adequately in one language, so switch to the other to make good the deficiency. Switching to a minority language is
14、 very common as a means of expressing solidarity with a social group (to signal a certain background; to construct a degree of rapport; to exclude other people).,Company Logo,Why do we code switch?,The switch between languages can signal the speakers attitude towards the listener - friendly, irritat
15、ed, ironic, and so on. If two bilinguals normally talk to each other in language X, the choice of Y is bound to create a special effect.,Company Logo,Another similar term is “code-mixing“, which is viewed as intra-sentential code-switching in which the switching occurs in the same sentence. In code-
16、switching, language change usually corresponds to situation change. However, “there are cases where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the situation“ (Hudson, 2000: 53). This kind of change or alternation is called code-mixing.,Code-m
17、ixing,Company Logo,Code-mixing,This term has somewhat a negative connotation because it might be thought of as making mistakes in language use. Verschauer (1999: 119) uses “code-switching“ to include both “inter-sentential code-switching“ and “intra-sentential code-switching“. Consenquently, the term “code-switching“ in this dissertation serves as the general term for “code-switching“ and “code-mixing“.,Company Logo,
