1、Outbreak of the First World War,Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers: AlliesBritain, France, and Russia The Central European PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.,4.1 World War I,World War I
2、,World War I and the United States,U.S. policy in WWI (from neutrality to entering)The First World War, which broke out in 1914, was the result of fierce struggle between two imperialist blocs for colonies, markets, and spheres of influence.Most Americans felt that their country had no vital interes
3、ts in the outcome of the war. On August 4, 1914, President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality.,World War I and the United States,U.S. involvementBut the United States was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursed a policy of pro-Ally partiality. Britain
4、and France could buy arms and war materials from the U.S. and get loans from American banks and financial institutions, while Germany could have little access to American resources because of British control of Atlantic.When Germany used submarines to cut British sea routes and sink American ships,
5、the U.S government threatened to go to war against Germany.In the end, when Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare, the U.S. government declared war on Germany on April 6,1917.,4.1 World War I,Q. Why did America enter World War I?,4.1 World War I,US entered the war in 1917 More than 4 mill
6、ion Americans went to the battlefieldplaying an important role in turning the tide of the war: broke German defense line helped the British break German submarine blockade The German Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement An armistice (停火协议) was concluded in November 1918,World
7、 War I and the United States,The Versailles Treaty System and the Washington SystemThe war ended on November 11,1918, and the Peace Conference (the Paris Conference) began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of the defeated nations. It was dominated by
8、 the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France and Italy). Although President Wilson put forward a program of Fourteen Points, which was praised by many as liberal and progressive, he was actually trying to advance American interests.,The United States in the 1920s,A period of material successAs
9、a result of the war, the U.S. had changed from a debtor nation to a creditor.There was further urbanization, new development of technology and mass production in the 1920s. With the growth of production, there was a marked increase in the living standard of many people. Automobiles, telephones, radi
10、os, and refrigerators became more popular by 1929.The government in this period gave direct or indirect help to industry and business and showed little interest in regulation or control.,4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s,The booming 1920s The 1920s electionthe first for women voted for a presidential candid
11、ate. prevailing prosperity, conservative governmental policy private business received substantial encouragement,The Great Depression and the New Deal,The stock market crash and the Great DepressionThere were serious weaknesses, however, in the American economy in the 1920s. 1.One weakness was that
12、there was no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies. The banking system lacked stability.2. Another serious weakness was stock market speculation and over-expansion of credit. The prices of many stocks had no relation to profits or to real value.,Withdrawal of Cash Hoover V
13、illage,People Waiting for Relief,The Great Depression and the New Deal,Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “New Deal“ to get America out of the depression. Roosevelt had
14、 a sure sense of what seemed practical or possible, and he was a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of life.,The Great Depression and the New Deal,The immediate problem Roosevelt faced was how to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system. In his
15、 first 100 days in the White House, he made Congress pass a large number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people.,Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal In 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as t
16、he “New Deal”. It helped the country get out of the depression,4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s,“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”Franklin D. Roosevelt,The Great Depression and the New Deal,The New Deal included the following contents: 1. establishment and strengthening of government regulati
17、on and control of banking, credit and currency system, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital; 2. federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems 3. stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture
18、; 4. formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production; 5. improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.,World War II and the United States,Beginning of the WarThe Second World War was the result of st
19、ruggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan. From the Japanese attack on China in 1937 to the German attack on Poland in 1939, from the attack on the Soviet Union in June, 1941 to the Pearl Harbo
20、r incident in December, 1941, the war spread to the whole world and involved all the great powers in the world.,A sit-on-the-fence policy do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors believe in “glorious isolation” Its negative effect: Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler
21、to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US. Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.,4.3 World War II,Q. What is Americas foreign policy in the early stage of World War II?,On the morning of December 7, 19
22、41, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for Americas entrance into the war.,4.3 World War II,World War II and the United States,Evolution of the American foreign policyIn the early 1930s, the U.S. followed the foreign policy of isolationi
23、sm, that is, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia. But with the spread of the war, especially after the fall of France, the U.S. gradually moved away from neutrality and tried to assist BritainThe bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nation wa
24、s formally in war with the Axis powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan.,4.3 World War II,World War II and the United States,Three summits during the war 1.The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At the conference, it was declared that Japan should be deprived of all its gains in Ch
25、ina. Taiwan was to be returned to China and Korea to be an independent nation after the war.,德黑兰会议,第二次世界大战期间，美、英、苏三国首脑罗斯福、丘吉尔和斯大林在伊朗首都德黑兰举行的会议。 1943年反法西斯战争各主要战场形势发生根本转折，盟国已经取得战略进攻的主动权。为商讨加速战争进程和战后世界的安排问题，美、英、苏三国首脑于1943年11月28日至12月1日在德黑兰举行会晤。,德黑兰会议的主要内容有：开辟欧洲第二战场问题。决定于1944年5月在法国南部开辟第二战场；就战后成立一个维护世界和平与
26、安全的国际组织问题交换了意见；就战后如何处置德国的问题进行了初步讨论，三国提出不同的分割方案；波兰问题。三国一致赞成战后重建独立的波兰，其边界西移，将德国东部的部分地区并入波兰；苏联对日作战问题。苏联表示在欧洲战争结束后参加对日作战，并提出归还整个库页岛等条件。,World War II and the United States,2.The second summit was held in Yalta in February, 1945. At this conference Roosevelt had the promise of Stalin that the Soviet Union
27、 would declare war on Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.,雅尔塔会议,Yalta Conference. 第二次世界大战末期美、英、苏三国首脑在苏联克里米亚半岛雅尔塔举行的会议，又称克里米亚会议(Crimea Conference)。1945年初，德国法西斯临近灭亡，反法西斯战争接近最后胜利，美、英、苏之间的矛盾日益明显暴露。为加强相互信赖，协调战略计划，尽快结束战争，安排战后国际事务，维护战后和平，三国首脑富兰克林德拉诺罗斯福、 温斯顿伦纳德斯宾塞丘吉尔和约瑟夫维萨里昂诺维奇斯大林于1945年2月411日在雅尔
28、塔举行会议。,会议的主要内容有：战后处置德国问题波兰问题远东问题苏联承诺在欧洲战争结束后23个月内参加对日作战，其条件是：维持外蒙古的现状，库页岛南部及邻近岛屿交还苏联，大连商港国际化，苏联租用旅顺港为海军基地，苏、中共同经营中东铁路和南满铁路，千岛群岛交予苏联；严重损害了中国等国的主权、利益和领土行政完整。 联合国问题，同意苏联的乌克兰和白俄罗斯加盟共和国为联合国创始会员国，决定美、英、法、苏、中五国为安理会常任理事国，规定实质性问题常任理事国一致同意的原则。三大国在会议上作出的战后世界秩序的安排被称为雅尔塔体系，对战后世界影响巨大。,World War II and the United
29、States,3.The third summit was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, during July and August in 1945, confirming the temporary division of Europe. At the same time, the conference showed there were great differences among the three powers, which later led to tension between the United States and the Soviet
30、 Union.,波茨坦会议,1945年5月德国无条件投降，欧洲反法西斯战争胜利结束，但在远东对日作战还在激烈进行。为了商讨对德国的处置问题和解决战后欧洲问题的安排，以及争取苏联尽早对日作战。1945年7月17日到8月2日，美、英、苏3国首脑杜鲁门、丘吉尔(7月28日以后是新任首相艾德礼)和斯大林在柏林近郊的波茨坦举行战时第3次会晤，史称“波茨坦会议”或“柏林会议”。,The Cold War,Clash of interests betweenU.S and Soviet Union after WWWhen the Second War finally ended in 1945, the
31、clash of the two countries became clear.The Soviet Union put forward the theory that they could be no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism and the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism, represented by the United States
32、and Britain.The U.S. also worked out its own policy-the containment policy that the U.S. policy should be “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.“ Later the Containment Policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.,the containment policy
33、,遏制政策 以军事、政治、经济、文化等手段来阻止敌对国家发展的外交政策。由美国外交官乔治凯南在1946-1947年间提出，主张用这种政策来遏制以苏联为首的社会主义阵营的发展。,The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan,The Truman doctrineThe open declaration of the Containment Policy was made by President Harry Truman on March 12, 1949 in his speech to Congress where he said “it must be
34、 the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures“. The Truman Doctrine was that the U.S. government would support any country that said it was fighting against Communism.,杜鲁门主义形成背景,第二次世界大战后，德、意、日三个法西斯国家彻底失败，而
35、英、法的力量也严重削弱，只有美国依仗其在战争中发展起来的经济、军事实力，在资本主义世界取得了统治地位。1947年2月21日，英国照会美国国务院，声称由于国内经济困难，3月31日之后，英国无法再给希腊和土耳其以经济和军事的援助，希望美国继续给予援助。3月12日，美国总统杜鲁门在国会两院联席会议上宣读了后来被称为“杜鲁门主义”的国情咨文，发表了敌视社会主义国家的讲话。国会两院经过辩论后，分别于4月22日和5月8日通过关于援助希腊、土耳其的法案，拨款4亿美元援助希腊和土耳其政府，帮助它们镇压人民革命运动。“杜鲁门主义”是对别国内政的干涉，被学者认为是美苏之间“冷战”正式开始的重要标志。,1947年3
36、月12日，美国提出“杜鲁门主义”被普遍地认为是美国外交政策上的一个新的急剧转变，其对全世界的影响相当于1823年宣布西半球不再受欧洲殖民主义支配的门罗主义。苏联认为杜鲁门主义是美国方面对苏联控制地区与苏俄扩张的一个公开威胁。 “杜鲁门主义”是对别国内政的干涉，被学者认为是美苏之间“冷战”正式开始的重要标志。,杜鲁门主义实质,遏制共产主义，干涉别国 内政，加紧控制其他国家 的纲领和政策。以杜鲁门 主义为起点，美国在经济 方面推行了援助西欧的 马歇尔计划，在军事方面 建立了北大西洋公约组织。,The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan,The Marshal
37、l Plan While the Truman administration was dealing with the crisis in Greece and Turkey, the economic situation in Western Europe was worsening as a result of WW. In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. Thi
38、s later came to be called the Marshall Plan because it was announced by Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947. As a result, the production of Western Europe recovered and began to show signs of development.,马歇尔计划（The Marshall Plan），官方名称为欧洲复兴计划（European Recovery Program），是二战后美国对被战争破坏的西欧各
39、国进行经济援助、协助重建的计划，对欧洲国家的发展和世界政治格局产生了深远的影响。,The cold war,What is cold war? More often,it is a “war” by means of ideology, economy and propaganda, but without military action.,The Berlin Crisis and the NATO,The Berlin BlockadeIn April 1948, the Russians suddenly cut off the flow of traffic into West Ber
40、lin, which was occupied by France, Britain and the United States, and in June, they stopped all the traffic.Faced with the blockade, the U.S. finally decided to start a large airlift. Over a period of less than 11 months, the U.S. transported a total of 1.4 million metric tones of food, fuel and oth
41、er supplies into West Berlin. In May 1949, when the Russians saw that they could not achieve their goal, they lifted the blockade.,The Berlin Crisis and the NATO,The Berlin Blockade In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany officially came into being. The Soviet Union took the similar action and set
42、up the German Democratic Republic in the eastern zone (East Germany), making the division of Germany a permanent fact. By then, the cold war had spread over the whole of Europe. In August, 1961,the Soviets created a wall between the east and west sectors of Berlin, forcibly sealing off the inhabitan
43、ts of East Germany.,The Berlin Blockade and the NATO,The founding of the NATO The Berlin Crisis and the expansion of Soviet influence in east Europe aroused growing alarm throughout Western Europe As a consequence, The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949 by 12 nations, to coordinate the militar
44、y defenses of member nations against possible Soviet aggression. The treaty pledged that an attack on any one member would be an attack on all, and provided for a council of the NATO.,other major issues during the cold war,The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) In 1962, the Soviet Union sent both offensive
45、 and defensive medium and intermediate missiles to Cuba and started building missile sites there secretly.At the same time, Soviet Premier Khrushchev informed President Kennedy that the Soviet Union had no intention of putting missiles in Cuba.When the photos taken by American spy planes showed that
46、 missile sites were under construction in Cuba and some missiles had been installed, the American government was shocked.,other major issues during the cold war,After much discussion, President Kennedy finally decided on the use of naval force to prevent military material and arms from getting into
47、Cuba and demanded the removal of missiles. After two weeks of tense stalemate, the Soviet government agreed to dismantle its bases and ship the missiles back to the Soviet Union.,United States Relations with China,Normalization of relations with ChinaIn the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the deep
48、involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of influence of the Soviet Union in the world, the U.S. began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to to work with China against Soviet expansion.In February 1972, President Nixon visited China and the two countries issued the Shang
49、hai Communiqu. The visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.,Table Tennis Foreign Policy Nixonfirst US president visited Beijing. The “Shanghai Communiqu”a new US policy: there was one China; Taiwan was part of China; a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.,Q. What contributions did Richard Nixon make in promoting the Sino-US relationship?,4.4 Post WWII Years,Richard Nixon & Premier Zhou Enlai,4.4 Post WWII Years,
