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英语中的数字表达.docx

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1、数字的口译任何话题的口译都可能遇到各种复杂的数字。而数字的口译又必须准确无误。对初任口译的人来说,数字的口译往往是一大难点。造成汉英数字互译困难的原因有几个方面:一个原因是汉语和英语的数字表达方式和四位以上数字的数位分段法不同。汉语数位的个、十、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿等都是用 10 的倍数来表达的。汉语四位以上的数字每四位为一段;而英语则每三位为一段。试比较汉英数字段位的不同。汉语数字分段法:第一段位 个 十 百 千第二段位 万 十万 百万 千万第三段位 亿 十亿 百亿 千亿第四段位 兆(万亿)英语数字分段法:第一段位 One Ten Hundred第二段位 Thousand

2、Ten thousand Hundred thousand第三段位 Million Ten million Hundred million第四段位 Billion Ten billion Hundred billion第五段位 Trillion从以上对比中可以看出,英语数词中没有与汉语“万” 、 “十万” 、 “千万” 、 “亿”等相对应的词,这就给汉英数字互译带来很大不便。汉译英时遇到以上数字时,译员必须很快推算出与其相对应的英语数位和表达方式:汉语 万 十万 千万 亿英语 ten thousand hundred thousand ten million hundred million英译

3、汉时则要做相反的推算和转换。这样,译员在进行语言转换的同时,要不停地进行数位的推导和换算,脑子活动异常紧张,稍不注意便会出错。造成汉英数字互译困难的另一个原因是英语有可数和不可数名词之分,在表示与可数和不可数名词相关的不定数字或倍数时,汉英两种语言的表达方式不同。例如:下列几组不定数字的汉语表达方式基本上是一样的,而英语则不同。很多人(书) many people( books)很多水(啤酒)much water ( beer)很多人(水) a lot of people (water)大量的参考书 a large number of reference books大量有用的信息 a larg

4、e quantity of useful information大批的产品(食物) large quantities of products (food)你要多少(面包)就拿多少。Take as much(bread)as you want.你要多少(桔子)就拿多少。Take as many (oranges) as you want.该工厂生产的小轿车(化肥)是上一年的两倍。The factory produced twice as many cars (as much chemical fertilizer) as that in the precious year.由此可见,数字的口译的

5、确比较复杂、困难,但还是有一定的规律可循。译员可根据具体情况采取以下做法:1三位以内数字的口译三位以内数字的汉英互译在语言表达上基本一致,各数字都有相应的词,无须推算,只要按英语和汉语的习惯读出数字就行了。请做下列数字互译练习。用英语朗读下列数字15fifteen20twenty35thirty-five63sixty-three101one hundred and one207two hundred and seven370three hundred and seventy414four hundred and fourteen839eight hundred and thirty-nine

6、948nine hundred and forty-eight 2四位以上数字的口译四位以上数字的口译较为复杂,因为英汉数字分段方法和表达方式的不同,在译出之前需要进行一番换算。另外,数字互译时,译员要学会记录和分段,这样翻译起来就容易多了。例如,英译汉时,听到英语数字时,特别是较为复杂的数字和系列数字时,立即用阿拉伯数字记录下来,记录的同时按英语数位分段法,从后往前每三位数为一段,用一个逗号分开。这样就会在“thousand” , “million”, “billion”等各数位后分别有一逗号。因为英语数字的分段法正好和阿拉伯数字的分节法相一致,都是三位一段。分段后的数字以逗号为参照,按英汉

7、数字换算规律,第一个逗号前一位译成“千” ,前两位译成“万” ,前三位译成“十万” ;第二个逗号前一位译成“百万” ,前两位译成“千万” ,前三位译成“亿” ;第三个逗号前一位译成“十亿” ,这样,依此类推,容易多了。汉译英时,也是把听到的数字用阿拉伯数字记录下来,从后往前,每三位用一逗号分开,然后用英语读出每位数就行了。读时,把握好第一个逗号前的数字读 “x thousand”,第二个逗号前读 “x million”,第三个逗号前读“x billion”等规律。每个段位的其它数字按 10 进规律,依次读为“ten thousand”、 “hundred thousand”、 “ten mil

8、lion”、 “hundred million”数字记录可采用各种简便符号或标点。如 35,000 可记录成“35,” ,用“”表示“000”,或者只用“35, ”表示逗号后有三个“0” 。3,000,000 可记录成“3,”或者“3, , ”。用英语朗读下列数字:1,369one thousand three hundred and sixty-nine2,010two thousand and ten 4,705four thousand seven hundred and five6,003six thousand and three15,600fifteen thousand six

9、hundred75,426,391seventy five million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, three hundred and ninety-one564,000,000five hundred and sixty-four million1,250,000,000one billion two hundred and fifty million3模糊数字的口译口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字,如“几个” 、 “十几个” 、 “几十个” 、 “成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律,但主要靠平时熟记,用时才能熟练自如,准确无误。

10、注意以下模糊数字的口译几个some; a few; several; a number of 两、三个two or three五、六个five or six十几个more than ten; over a dozen; less/no more than twenty三十来个about/ around thirty几十个dozens of 几十年decades十几岁in ones teens四十出头a little/a bit over forty五十岁左右more or less fifty (years old); about fifty (years old)近八十岁了nearly/al

11、most eighty (years old)九十好几了well over ninety (years old)五点左右around five oclock三天左右three days or so大约 150 米处somewhere about 150 meters好几百hundreds of 成千上万,千千万万thousands of 几十万hundreds of thousands of几百万millions of 亿万hundreds of millions of 4、百分数、小数、分数的口译8%eight percent15%fifteen percent42%forty-two pe

12、rcent4.35%four point three five percent0.5%point five percent4.032four point naught three two71.006seventy-one point naught naught six 1/2one half; a half1/3one third 1/4a quarter3/5three-fifths7/8seven-eighths1/10one-tenth1/100one-hundredth;one percent 1/1000one-thousandth14/1000fourteen-thousandth

13、s1/10000one-ten thousandths2-1/2two and a half4-2/3four and two-thirds5. 增/减倍数的口译英汉倍数的表达有相似之处,也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用 times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系,即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义:A is N times larger(longer,heavier)than B.A is larger(longer,heavier)than B by N times.A is N times as l

14、arge(long,heavy)as B.这三句英语的含义都是“A 的大小 (长度、重量)是 B 的 N 倍” ,或者“A 比 B 大(长、重)N-1 倍” 。根据以上规律,请看下面英语句子的汉译:(1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的大小是月球的 49 倍。(或地球比月球大 48 倍)(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, while the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearl

15、y tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.自本世纪中叶以来,全球经济增长了将近四倍,人口翻了一番。结果,粮食的需求增加了近两倍,石油燃料增加了近三倍。(3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.30 年内,全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, i

16、t needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution.虽然伦敦占地不到 40 万英亩,却需要近 5000 万英亩的土地125 倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品,原木和其他资源,并吸收它产生的污染物。汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类:第一类表示是(原数的) 几倍,几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的) 几倍。第二类表示(比原数) 大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍;这两类说法含义不同。第一类表示包括基数在内

17、的倍数,与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因此,汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义,选用恰当的句型,灵活准确地表达。如果用能 N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数,那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N+1) times 来表示。例如:去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍(为原来的两倍) 。The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.The sales volume of portable phones of this company n

18、early doubled last year.汉语增加倍数的说法很多,英译时,首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数,然后决定用 N times 还是(N+1 )times 来表达。例如:(1) 过去 20 年中,中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。In the past 20 years, Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly six times.(2) 1978 年至 1997 年,中国人均生产总值增长了 3.4 倍。Chinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 197

19、8 and 1997.(3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由 1978 年的 3.6 平方米提高到 1997 年的 8.8 平方米,增加 1.4 倍。The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.(4) 1949 年至 1998 年, 中国的粮食总产量由 1.1 亿吨增加到 5.1 亿吨, 增长 3.5 倍, 年平均增长 3.1%, 是人口增长率的 2.

20、5 倍。Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth.(5) 1997 年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为 608 万人, 其中研究生 18 万人, 分别是 1979年的 2.2 倍和 9.6 倍。In 199

21、7,6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法,而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法,因此,减少多用百分数和分数表示。例如:(1) 由于水灾,去年的收成减少了三成。Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percen

22、t.(2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一,开支减少了四分之一。The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.(3) 1998 年,政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从 40 个减少到 29 个,人员减少了近一半。In 1998,the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were redu

23、ced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.6. 增/减百分比的口译“增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致,都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/ 减百分数的表示法有以下几种:1) 增/减了%increase/rise/grow%decrease/drop/fall/sink %或者increase/rise/grow/go up by %decrease/drop/fall/go down by %例如:Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profi

24、ts sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果,从 1986 到 1987 年, 耐克(鞋)的销售额下降了18%,利润下降了 40%多。(1) By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively;meanwhile, Nikes

25、closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新(鞋)款式,1995 到 1996,耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了 71%和 80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了 9%。(3) Procter 612.28 million or 48.37 % females. The sex ratio (female=100) was 106-74. Age Composition.Of the people enumerated in the 31 provinces, autonomous

26、regions and municipalities and servicemen of the mainland of China, 289.79 million persons were in the age group of 0-14, accounting for 22.89 percent of the total population; 887.93 million persons in the age group of 15-64, accounting for 70.15 percent and 88.11 million persons in the age group of

27、 65 and over, accounting for 6.96 percent. As compared with the results of the 1990 population census, the share of people in the age group of 0-14 was down by 4.80 percentage points, and that for people aged 65 and over was up by 1.39 percentage points. Composition of Ethnic Groups.Of the people en

28、umerated in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and servicemen of the mainland of China, 1,159.40 million persons or 91.59 percent were of Han ethnic group, and 106.43 million ethnic persons or 8.41 percent were of various minority ethnic groups. Compared with the 1990 population

29、 census, the population of Han people increased by 116.92 million persons, or 11.22 percent, while the population of various minority ethnic groups increased by 15.23 million persons, or 16.70 percent. Composition of Educational Attainment.Of the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities a

30、nd servicemen of the mainland of China, 45.71 million persons had finished university education (referring to junior college and above); 141.09 million persons had received senior secondary education (including secondary technical school education); 429.89 million persons had received junior seconda

31、ry education and 451.91 million persons had primary education (the educated persons included graduated and students in schools).Compared with the 1990 population census, the following changes have taken place in the number of people with various educational attainments per every 100,000 people: numb

32、er of people with university education increased to 3,611 from 1,422; number of people with senior secondary education increased to 11,146 from 8,039; number of people with junior secondary education increased from 23,344 to 33,961; and number of people with primary education decreased from 37,057 t

33、o 35,701.Of the people enumerated in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and servicemen of the mainland of China, 85.07 million persons were illiterate (i.e. people over 15 years of age who cannot read or can read very little). Compared with the 15.88 percent of illiterate people

34、 in the 1990 population census, the proportion has dropped to 6.72 percent, or down by 9.16 percentage points. Urban and Rural Population.In the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China, there were 455.94 million urban residents, accounting for 36.09 percent of the total population; and that of rural residents stood at 807.39 million, accounting for 63.91 percent. Compared with the 1990 population census, the proportion of urban residents rose by 9.86 percentage points.

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