1、War and peace,Unit 2,Second Edition,Unit 2,Warm-up,At the end of World War , Japanese government ignored the ultimatum issued by the USA and its allied countries. In order to force Japan to surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed as m
2、any as 260,000 people by the end of 1945. These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.Watch the video and answer the following questions.,Reading A,Pre-reading Tasks,Reading Comprehension,After-reading Tasks,Pre-reading Tasks,Do you know the wars in Iraq and Afg
3、hanistan? What were the consequences of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan?,Reading Comprehension,1. Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan find little ethical defence in the “just war”. Each of us struggles to make peace with our actions. In trying to understand the ongoing suicide epidemic among soldiers
4、and veterans, a third factor in addition to physical injuries and PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder) is now being discussed: the moral injuries they bring back. 2. During my officer training at Sandhurst in the UK, I was taught that fighting powerthe ability to operate in the warcould be broken d
5、own to three mutually dependent components: physical (the means to operate), conceptual (the ideas behind how to operate), and moral (the ability to get people to operate).,Translation,The lonely soldier and the moral scars of war,Para. 12,Reading Comprehension,3. After leaving theatres of war, sold
6、iers had been affected to different degrees in those three areas, each of which influences their ability to operate once home. The physical and conceptual components are both too apparent: the soldier who had his testicles blown off or who woke up screaming at night. Moral scars, though less noticea
7、ble, have a way of cutting deep, also. And they are not negated as easily as many suppose.,Translation,Para. 34,4. During the ensuing firefight with the Taliban, a soldier spotted a girlhe reckoned a four-year- oldon the roof of an Afghan compound, holding a mobile phone to her ear. He assessed she
8、was a Taliban mortar fire controller, directing intense enemy fire onto his patrol position; they were pinned down as a result. He radioed a jet and directed it to drop a bomb onto the girl and the building.,Reading Comprehension,Translation,Para. 59,5. “I did what I had to do,” he told me. 6. Not s
9、uch an easy one for armchair moralists to call. Countless soldiers returned with such experiences on their consciences. 7. “Im no longer the good person I once thought I was,” wrote Timothy Kudo, an ex-US Marine Corps captain, of life after an Afghanistan tour and ordering the deaths of others. He n
10、ails a dilemma most veterans face: the only people who can forgive us are dead. 8. Soldiers seek justification for their actions in the aftermath, when reflection is afforded. An obvious source for justificationas well as inspiring many to join the militaryis the notion of acting on the “right side”
11、, being part of a broader effort to do some good. But try sustaining that narrative after tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. I couldnt. 9. “The killing of children can never be justified,” wrote Kurt Vonnegut, after he experienced the Dresden bombing.,Reading Comprehension,10. Regardless of numbers kill
12、ed before, soldiers can feel morally bankrupt facing up to the tally they carry. Each death shames us, eroding our claim to a shared humanitywhich isnt a concept that evaporates by joining the military. 11. Soldiers and veterans are keenly aware of the ethical damage of war which theyve instigated,
13、each in their own way. Everyone reacts differently, but guilt and shame are hard to avoid. Sharing such feelings is immensely hard, as many fear being condemned and consequently feel exiled in society. 12. The more time goes by since leaving the army, the more doubts occur about whether I ever did t
14、he right thing. Ive realised Ill probably never achieve any answersperhaps for the bestand should get used to living with the unanswered. 13. Sadly, thats much easier said than done. As the repercussions of Iraq and Afghanistan play out, many soldiers and veterans will continue making the loneliest
15、of decisions.,Translation,Para. 1013,Reading Comprehension Translation,1. 伊拉克与阿富汗的老兵，很难对“正义之战”做出道德辩护。我们中的每一位，都挣扎着同自己的所作所为寻求和解。自杀就像流行病一般，在战士与老兵中漫延。究其原因，除了肢体伤残与创伤后精神障碍之外，第三个因素正得到广泛的探讨：他们带回来的道德创伤。 2. 在英国桑德赫斯特进行的军官培训中，他们教我说，战斗力即战争中的行动能力可以细分为三个相互依存的构成要素：身体要素（行动的工具）、概念要素（如何行动背后的理念），以及道德要素（驱使人们行动的能力）。,孤独的战
16、士与战争的道德伤痕,Para. 1、2,Reading Comprehension Translation,Para. 3、4,3. 离开战场之后，战士们在这三个领域，都受到了不同程度的影响。一旦归家，每一处都影响到他们正常的行动能力。身体与概念要素都是显而易见的：睾丸被炸飞的士兵，或者他们半夜惊醒后的尖叫。道德伤痕虽察之似浅，然感之亦切。并且，它们并非如众人所猜想的那样，轻易就能被否认。 4. 在与塔利班旷日持久的交火中，一个士兵发现了一个女孩他估计四岁左右站在阿富汗院落的屋顶上，拿着手机贴近耳边。他确定她就是塔利班迫击炮控制员，指挥敌方将密集的炮火倾泻到他巡逻的地点，以致他们寸步难行。他用
17、无线电呼叫战机，将一枚炸弹投向了那个女孩和那座建筑物。,Reading Comprehension Translation,5. “我做了我该做的事情，”他告诉我。 6. 无论那些怡然自得的道德家如何说，事情远非如此简单。无数的战士返乡时，良心上背负着类似的经历。 7. “我不再是那个曾经自认为的好人，”工藤提摩太写道。他是前美国海军陆战队上尉，阿富汗之行虽幸免于难，却令其他人命丧黄泉。他一针见血地揭示出大多数老兵面临的困境：仅有的那些能宽恕我们的人，都死了。 8. 战士们在承受反思苦痛之余，努力地为其所作所为的后果寻求辩解。一个显而易见同样也是激发众人参军的理由，就是为“正义方”而战的概念，
18、同时也是更大程度上“行善”的组成部分。但是在伊拉克与阿富汗之行后，如果试图维系那种叙述，我做不到。 9. “任何理由都无法为杀害儿童开脱，”库尔特冯内古特在经历了德累斯顿轰炸之后写道。,Para. 59,Reading Comprehension Translation,10. 不管之前究竟杀了多少人，当战士们直面自己所背负的账单时，他们能够感觉到道德上的破产。每一个死亡都使我们蒙羞，腐蚀着我们所谓的为共同的人性而战的宣言这并不是一个因参军就能烟消云散的概念。 11. 所有的战士与老兵都以自己的方式，强烈地感触着他们挑起的战争所带来的道德伤害。每个人的反应虽不同，但是负罪与耻辱感是实难避免的。
19、他们极难与他人分享此类感受，因为他们害怕受到谴责，从而在社会中遭遇孤立。 12. 退伍的时间愈久，闪现的疑问愈多：我的所作所为是否是正义之举。我意识到可能永远也无法获得答案这也许是最好的结果并且应该渐渐习惯于带着这些悬疑生活。 13. 不幸的是，这说起来容易做起来难。随着伊拉克与阿富汗行动的恶果逐渐显现，许多战士与老兵将继续做着最为孤独的决定。,Para. 1013,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,1. conscience n.,to feel guilty about something意识e.g. If anything happens
20、 to Emily, Ill always have it on my conscience.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,2. dilemma n.,a situation in which you have to make a difficult choice between two, or sometimes more than two, actions 困境e.g. 1. Many single parents struggle with the dilemma of dividing time between work and
21、children. 2. Were in a dilemma about whether to move or not.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,3. epidemic n.,a large number of cases of a disease that happen at the same time 流行病e.g. Over 500 people died during last years flu epidemic.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,4. ethical ad
22、j.,relating to principles of what is right and wrong 合乎道德的 e.g. Emmanuel Hospital is devoted to quality care and high ethical standards. .,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,5. radio v.,to send a message using a radio 用无线电发送（信息）e.g. I urgently radioed the information back to headquarters.,Rea
23、ding Comprehension Words & Expressions,6. theatre n.,a large area where a war is being fought 战场e.g. the Pacific theatre during the Second World War,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,7. traumatic adj.,a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a long time 造成精
24、神创伤的e.g. My parents divorce was very traumatic for me.,After-reading Tasks Discussion,1. What does fighting power mean according to the text?2. What damages did the wars cause to the veterans?3. Do soldiers and veterans react the same towards killing in the war? What cant they avoid?,Language in Use
25、,Language in Use Grammar Development,In English, verbs such as die, stop, leave, come, buy are often used to describe an action that takes place in an instance of time. These verbs cannot be used together with time expressions such as for three years or since 2001. For example, you cant say He died
26、for three years. In some cases, these verbs can be replaced by other phrases to express the durable state of an action. For example：,die,be dead,leave,Instant verbs in perfect tense,be away,Language in Use Grammar Development,当瞬时性动词用于完成时态时，其后不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语；如果必须跟时间状语，可以采用下列方法： 1. 用“be + 形容词”代替瞬时性动词，如
27、be dead 代替die e.g. His father has been dead for three years.be married 代替marry e.g. I have been married for seven years.be asleep 代替fall (get) asleep e.g. How long have I been asleep? 2. 用“be + 副词”代替瞬时性动词，如be here (there) 代替come，arrive，reach，get here (there)e.g. The train has been here for ten minut
28、es. It will leave soon.be back to 代替return to，go back toe.g. Have you been back to the place where your ancestors lived, worked, studied and played?,Instant verbs in perfect tense,Language in Use Grammar Development,1. Can you give more examples?,be on,put on,be in/be a member,join,have a cold,catch
29、 a cold,be ill,fall ill,be missing,lose,be in town,go to town,keep,borrow,be up,get up,have,buy,Exercise,Language in Use Grammar Development,John left his hometown ten years ago. John has been away from his hometown for ten years. It has been ten years since John left his hometown.,2. Translate the
30、following sentences.,Model: 他哥哥两年前当兵去了。His brother joined the army two years ago. His brother has been in the army for two years.It has been two years since his brother joined the army.,Exercise,Mr. Smith died three years ago. Mr. Smith has been dead for three years. It has been three years since Mr
31、. Smith died.,1. 史密斯先生三年前死了。,2.约翰十年前离开了家乡。,Language in Use Grammar Development,The film started ten minutes ago. The film has been on for ten minutes. It has been ten minutes since the film started.,2. Translate the following sentences.,Exercise,They borrowed five books from the library a week ago.
32、They have kept five books borrowed from the library for a week. It has been a week since they borrowed five books from the library.,3.他们一周前从图书馆借了五本书。,4.电影已经开始十分钟了。,Language in Use Vocabulary Building,Homographs,A homograph（同形异义词）is a word that has the same spelling as another word, but has a differe
33、nt meaning. Usually, homographs also differ from each other in pronunciation.,Example: live v. to be alive for a period of time e.g. The crane, a sacred bird in Japan, lives for a thousand years, and if a sick person folds a thousand paper cranes, he or she will get well. adj. (of broadcasting) seen
34、 and / or heard as it happens e.g. The band will be giving a live concert performance next week.,Exercise,1. Were sitting in the front row.row /r / n. a line of things or people next to each otherWeve had another row about the fare.row /ra / n. a short angry argument2. The music ended and the girl m
35、ade a bow.The arrow was still held in the bow.3. Can you spare me half a minute?The kitchen is minute, with barely room for two people to turn around.4. It is impossible to tear open this box. Give me a knife.A drop of tear ran silently down her cheek as she waved goodbye.,Language in Use Vocabulary
36、 Building,Find out the homographs in each pair of the following sentences, and give them brief explanations. If they differ in pronunciation, read them out correctly. The first one is done as an example.,Exercise,ba n. bending of the head or body as a way of thanking audiences.,2. bu n. an instrumen
37、t used as a weapon to shoot arrows,1. mnt n. a unit to measure time which equals to 60 seonds,/manjut/ adj. extremely small,/t/v.to pull forcefully apart,/t/ n. a drop of salty liquid from the eye when you are crying,5. Shall I wind up todays discussion by asking you the last question?There is not m
38、uch wind today.wand v.(+up) to bring an activity,meeting etc to an endwnd n. moving air,especially when it moves strongly or quickly in a current 6. Could you record the next story for me? Im out that night. Hes broken the Olympic record for the 110-meter high hurdles. rkd; v.to preserve on a disc o
39、r magnetic tape for later reprodution rekd n. the highest or lowest ever reached 7. He always looks so content with his life.The content of your paper was excellent, but there were a lot of grammar mistakes.kntent adj. happy and satisfied kntent n. the ideas, facts,or opinions that are contained in
40、a speech, piece of writing etc.,Language in Use Vocabulary Building,Exercise,8. Close that window! The wind is too strong.Youre not close to getting the answer.kls v. to shut something in order to cover an openingkluzadj. seeming very likely to happen or very likely to do something soon9. I soon get
41、 used to working the late night shift.I dont trust used car dealers. Id never buy a car from them just adj. (+to sth/doing sth)having learned to accept sth juzdadj. second-hand 10. Whats that little black object?I strongly object to being treated like a child.bdkt n.a solid thing that can be seen or
42、 touchedbdektv.to oppose,Reading B,Pre-reading Tasks,Reading Comprehension,After-reading Tasks,Pre-reading tasks,Have you read the book named Annes Diary? What is it about? Share what you know about it with your classmates.,Reading Comprehension,WEDNESDAY, 8 JULY 1942Dearest Kitty, 1. It seems like
43、years since Sunday morning. So much has happened its as if the whole world had suddenly turned upside down. But as you can see, Kitty, Im still alive, and thats the main thing, Father says. 2. Im alive all right, but dont ask where or how. You probably dont understand a word Im saying today, so Ill
44、begin by telling you what happened Sunday afternoon. 3. At three oclock (Hello had left but was supposed to come back later), the doorbell rang. I didnt hear it, since I was out on the balcony, lazily reading in the sun. A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitat
45、ed. “Father has received a call-up notice from the SS,” she whispered. “Mother has gone to see Mr. van Daan.” (Mr. van Daan is Fathers business partner and a good friend.),Translation,Anne Frank: the diary of a young girl (excerpt),Para. 13,Reading Comprehension,4. I was stunned. A call-up: everyone
46、 knows what that means. Visions of concentration camps and lonely cells raced through my head. How could we let Father go to such a fate? “Of course hes not going,” declared Margot as we waited for Mother in the living-room. “Mothers gone to Mr. van Daan to ask whether we can move to our hiding plac
47、e tomorrow. The van Daans are going with us. There will be seven of us altogether.” Silence. We couldnt speak. The thought of Father off visiting someone in the Jewish Hospital and completely unaware of what was happening, the long wait for Mother, the heat, the suspenseall this reduced us to silenc
48、e. 5. Suddenly the doorbell rang again. “Thats Hello,” I said. 6. “Dont open the door!” exclaimed Margot to stop me. But it wasnt necessary, since we heard Mother and Mr. van Daan downstairs talking to Hello, and then the two of them came inside and shut the door behind them. Every time the bell ran
49、g, either Margot or I had to tiptoe downstairs to see if it was Father, and we didnt let anyone else in.,Translation,Para. 46,Reading Comprehension,7. Margot and I were sent from the room, as Mr. van Daan wanted to talk to Mother alone. 8. When she and I were sitting in our bedroom, Margot told me t
50、hat the call-up was not for Father, but for her. At this second shock, I began to cry. Margot is sixteen apparently they want to send girls her age away on their own. But thank goodness she wont be going; Mother had said so herself, which must be what Father had meant when he talked to me about our
51、going into hiding. Hiding where would we hide? In the city? In the country? In a house? In a shack? When, where, how? These were questions I wasnt allowed to ask, but they still kept running through my mind. 9. Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a satchel. The first thin
52、g I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the satchel, but Im not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses. 10. Father finally came home around five oclock. After that it was quiet in our flat; none of us felt like eating. It was still hot, and everything was very strange.,
