1、大学英语四六级考试 （CET 4）,第一讲 Writing 主讲人： 王惠敏,Brief Self-introduction,Education Background: Foreign English Department of East China Normal University Working Experiences: Four Years of College English Teaching Certificates: TEM-4, TEM-8, (both oral and written) Teachers Certificate for Higher Education Co
2、urses Shouldered for This Term New College English 4 & College English (New Edition) 2,作文: 15%,作文： 为短文写作题型，写作的体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。考生在规定的30分钟的时间内完成整个文章的写作过程，而且必须遵守不少于120字和依据所给中文提纲的要求保质保量的完成。,写作中存在的主要问题 ？,1.内容太笼统,概括,不够具体,缺乏细节。 2.缺乏逻辑性,想到哪写到哪儿,容易跑题。 3.缺乏举例。 4.写不出内容,缺乏进一步论述,观点不够全面。 5.句子结构较单一,用词常用一些简单词汇。,如何
3、提高学生的四、六级英语写作水平？,以 2007年12月大学英语四级考试题中写作部分为例： Part 1 Writing Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 各大学为学生开设了多种多样的选修课 2. 学生出于各种原因选择不同的选修课 3. 以我自己为例,一、审题,审题
4、的环节主要是为了谋篇布局，确定短文的主要段 落，即可以展开论述的主题部分（Body）；以及确定文章的 另外两个次要的段落（Introduction and Conclusion).对于题目给出的三点提纲： 1.各大学为学生开设了多种多样的选修课我们可以列举不同的选修课的名称，比如说：Tennis；Artistic Gymnastics； Selective Reading of Chinese Classic Literature; Business Administration 等等。当然也可以对不同选修课给学生带来的好处进行详细的论述，但是，首先对于选修课的名称翻译可能就是一大难题。,2.
5、学生出于各种原因选择不同的选修课提纲中明显给出“出于各种原因”， 所以很容易会想出大多数学生是出于个人的兴趣爱好，会去选音乐方面的或体育方面的；还可能为以后就业或深造打基础，选外语或与专业相关的选修课； 或出于获取学分同时休闲娱乐的，选一些影视欣赏的课程。3.以我自己为例一般会考虑成为简单的总结陈述，自己的选择以及原因或所获取的益处。,二、列简单提纲,每段只需写出几个关键词即可,这样顺着这些词写就就不会 想到哪儿写到哪儿,避免跑题,而且写得内容比较全面。1.陈述目前大学开设选修课的现状。a wide variety of selectives/ in universities2. 原因： in
6、terest; preparation for the future job or furtehr study; earn credits3. As for me, movie appreciation/ earn credits / a form of entertainment,1.造成污染的原因因:factories give off smoke anddust;throw paper, plastic bags carelessly; spit on ground2.污染的危害: a.air pollution:ozonosphere(臭氧层)being destroyed, brea
7、thing disease b.water pollution: rivers, various diseases: low intelligence, health affected c.peoples mood is greatly affected,3.怎样防止污染:shut down some factories;improve peoples consciousness; adopt some measures,列提纲的过程也是一个挖掘思想的过程,根据各段的的主题 句,将脑子里出现的想法用最简单的方式写出来,然后再进行筛 选,挑出最主要的,去掉次要的。这样能防止写作文时跑题。一 个好
8、处是写得内容比较全全面。如果边想边写,很容易写了一 大段,结果只写了一个方面,将重要内容拉掉或走题。所以平时 练习时就应该养成列提纲的习惯。,三、分类法,分类法是写作中常用到的一种方法。与一些过渡词连用可 使文章条里清楚,层次分明。例: Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in wor
9、ds, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.分类法常用的过渡词有:firstly, secondly, thirdly; furthermore,moreover, besides, in addition; in the first place, in the second place; on on
10、e hand; on the other hand; last but notleast(最后但并不是最不重要的)等。,四、举例法,举例法是通过提供实例来扩展段落的一种方法。用实例进 一步阐述,支持主题句中的观点,从而使其得到更为充分和完整 的表达。在议论文和说明文中如果缺乏必要的例子,就不能使 读者信服。学生写作中的通病就是缺少举例。在论述某一问题 时,只是泛泛提几点而不给例子,这样内容就显得很空洞。因此, 在能举例的地方尽量给出两三个甚至更多个具有代表性的例 子。注意举例一定要简短,否则,文章就成了记叙文。举例后要 用一句话来概括此段内容。,例 1:The most remarkable
11、thing about daydreaming maybeits usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist HenryJ.Kaiser believes that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that“you can imagine your future.” Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse.T
12、he young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an inventor. For these not able achievers, it appears that their Daydreams came true.举例使文中论点很有说服力。,例2: The professional entertainerswork is not always easy.Every night in the theatre, actors and actresses have to remember thousands of words. Every night in
13、concert hall and night clubs, musicians try hard to make no mistakes when they play their music. Singers worry about singing the right notes. Magicians are nervous about mak-ingistakes, worrying that one day a magic trick or a cardtrick will not work. Perhaps circus clowns and night club comedians,
14、however, have the hardest job of all. They have to make people laugh everyday with well-told jokes and funny acts. No, being an entertainer is not such an easy way to make a living.,五、因果分析法,因果分析通常用以解释与论证某一观点或现象, 用以讨论 和分析某事发生的原因和各种原因导致的结果等。有的作文已 给出结果让分析原因。如图表作文多数已给出数据和结果,让 分析造成这种现象的原因;而有的则给出原因让分析结果。
15、一 个结果往往是由不同的原因所造成的,一个原因也会导致不同 的结果。许多学生只从一个或两个方面来分析,所以显得内容 空洞。 因此,在分析原因或结果时应避免只从一个角度来分析, 而应从不同的角度进行分析。,Long-distance running everyday can significantly changea runners life-style. Firstly, if one insists on running for sometime, hell find he has more energy and can do more things. The days will grow
16、longer because of less sleep needed. Secondly, the body will become thinner,smoother,firmer.Thirdly, running also produces a Healthful feeling of pleasant,excitement,which comes fromadherence to a strict routine and the improved physical condition. So, running makes one feel good, about himself and
17、about the world.此段从精力、身体和心情三个方面分析了坚持长跑所带来的 良好结果。,六、比较与对照,比较和对照也是常见的一种写作方法。比较是对人或事物之间的相同进 行分析;对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较。不过,这两种方法也不能 截然分开。比较和对照有两种写作方法:如果内容较少,可将比较或对照的事 物分开描述,先写一方的全部细节,再写另一方;如果内容多,则可逐点进行。 比较与对比常用的过渡词有:similarly, likewise, in the same way, on the contrary, while,whereas,on the one hand;on the
18、other hand,in contrast等。,七、定义法,定义法是对一种事物的含义、本质、特征和范畴做确切 而简要说明的方法。它可使读者对事物的特点有更深的了解。 如:As to the definition of “winning”, a lot of things come tomy mind:to win the first prize in a contestis“win-ning”;to successfully defeat enemies is“winning”; to make great achievements after painstaking efforts can
19、 also be called“winning”. Generally speaking, “winning”maybe defined as attaining a personal goal or arriving at a prede-termined destination. 在展开段落时,人们还常用以上提到的两种和两种以上结合的 方式,如分类和举例相结合,分类和因果分析相结合的方式。,八、 句式,在写作中,另一个很重要的方面是句式的变化。许多学生只 会用简单句和从句,而不会用现在分词短语、过去分词短语、不 定式短语、介词短语等。而这些句式会给作文增添光彩。如: (1)As for t
20、he Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it.(介词短语) (2)Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon.(介词短语) (3)To save his“honor”, he had to do the things that he did not want to.(不定式短语) (4)Bettie held him, tears streaming down her face.(现在分词短语) (5)Whe
21、n cast on the moon during eclipse, it appears to be the shadow of a round object.(过去分词短语) (6) She was something more, a person like me, capable of fear and hurt and failure.(形容词短语) (7)It was along, slow journey that almost ended in disaster.(It强调句型),在这两段中,有宾语从句、定语从句、主语从句、介词短语及过去分词 短语等结构,各种句型的结合使文章简洁
22、、生动。英语课本是写作的基础。 在大学英语精读和泛读课本中,只要详细阅读就可找到很多好的地道的表达 法和结构,如果能将这些句型记住并掌握其用法,并能模仿篇章的组织结构, 用词时,尽量用在大学学过的词汇来代替中学时学过的简单词汇,我相信学生 的写作就会有较大的长进。,四级作文预测,1、 论说文 例1：Buying or Borrowing Books? （1） 有些人认为书应该借来看 （2） 有些人认为书应该买来看 （3） 你的选择？,Books can arm us with knowledge and information we need to make success of life.
23、There are generally two ways in which we can have access to books: borrowing or buying. While millions are borrowing books, I still think buying them best suits me and gives me the greatest pleasure.,Many people choose to borrow books. For one thing, borrowing books can save us huge amounts of money
24、. For another, if we borrow books from the library or friends, we normally have deadline to finishthem. And consequently we can read more books in a limited time, just as a famous Chinese saying goes, “books can not be read unless borrowed.”,I believe that advantages for buying books are more obviou
25、s and compelling. Firstly, we can keep thebooks as long as we wish. Secondly, we can take whatever notes on the margin of the pages of the books. Finally, the process of selecting and keeping books can be a great fun.,例2：论电话与写信 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?1 许多人都认为人电话将取代写信，你认为呢？ 2 请列举能支持你观点的论据 3
26、给一个简短的结论 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?,Today, more than ever before, we depend on theexpediency brought about by such modern devices as phones. As a result, when we feel the need to communicate with friends, instead of picking up thepen to set down to serious writing, we pick up the phone. Indeed
27、, we speak so much and write solittle that some people begin to suspect that phones will kill letter writing. However widely used it is today, the phone will not take the place of letter, forboth phone and letter writing have respective functions to perform.,There are at least two reasons, as far as
28、 I am concerned, why this will not happen. For one thing, although phones admittedly have already taken over many roles traditionally played by the letter, there are certain areas such as commercial transactions and legal correspondence, in whichblack and white sincerity and confirmation is still a
29、must. Foranother, in no way can a quick phone conversation convey and accomplish as much as a deliberate, well worded letter does. For instance, there seems to be no better device thanletter writing to express deep, heart-felt, profound love, a fact underlined by the enormous love letters of great m
30、en and women.As we know, in the 1960s, there had been so much talk that TV would kill newspapers. And it has never happened.Today we are in a similar situation. We can be certain, for the reasons discussed above, that letter writing is irreplaceable.,A staying at home B traveling C doing social inve
31、stigation D other ways From the two charts, we can see that in the past ten years the students who go traveling and do socialinvestigations during vacations have increased greatly while those who stay at home have decreased a lot.,There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly, with the developm
32、ent of economy, many people have become better off. Students can get financial support from their parents for traveling. Secondly, tourism has greatly developed over the past ten years. Many new scenic spots have been built and exploited. In addition, the students today are expected and encouraged t
33、o participate in facing the real world. In this way they can obtain the necessary experiences required when they go job-hunting upon graduation. From the changes in the charts, we can predict that more and more college students will make their vacations interesting and worthwhile by going to the out
34、side world instead of staying at home.,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Jill. Write a letter to your friend Li Fang. You should write at least 120 words according to the situation given below in Chinese:假设你的好朋友李芳是大学四年级学生，正在考虑是考研究生继续深造还是大学毕业后就踏上
35、工作岗位。请给她写封信表明你的态度。,Dear Fang,I understand that you are in a dilemma. Although so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life road, there are still some who prefer to start their new life after gaining another degree to make better preparation for entering society. In my opinion, the latt
36、er are more admirable. You are good at all your course these years, so if you do like to spend another two or three years on campus, you should stick to it. In todays society, the achievement and status you can get and the devotion you can make are no doubt in proportion to your educational backgrou
37、nd and degrees, coupled with the efforts you put in them. If you want to stride to your destinations more smoothly and easily, why not head for the further study courageously? Whichever you choose, I firmly believe your industry will ensure your success. After all, it is you who have the finally say
38、 on the final choice.Best wishes,Yours sincerely ，*,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: My View on the post-graduate Craze. You should write at least 120 words and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 目前考研究生形成热潮。2 我认为这股
39、热潮的原因是.,My View on the Post-graduate CrazeEvery year, million of college students will sit in for the post- graduate entrance examination. More and more students have regarded the pursuing of a master degree as an indispensable part oftheir education. What is to account for their enthusiasm for a po
40、st- graduate diploma? First, it is the demand of the time. In an age of knowledge updating and information explosion, what you have learned in college can hardly meet the demand of society. Talents of high quality who are equipped with the latest knowledge and skill will be needed more than ever. Th
41、at is why many students will further their studies.,Second, we all recognize that the more education you have, themore likely you are to succeed. Compared with those without a master degree, masters will enjoy more preferential treatment, for example, better salaries, more opportunities for promotio
42、n and training. A post-graduate degree can guarantee a more promising career.Last but not least, with the graduation of a large number of college students, competition for jobs becomes more and more fierce. One way to gain some advantage over others is to have a higher degree.No wonder millions of s
43、tudents will consider pursuing a post-graduate degree.,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Fascinating China. You should write at least 120 words according to the situation given below in Chinese:一位外国朋友第一次来中国，他想让你介绍两三样极具中国特色的事物（可以是风俗文化等）， 你会向他介绍
44、什么？如何介绍？,Fascination in ChinaChina, one of the cradles of human civilization, possesses so many treasureswith Chinese characteristics that numerous foreign friends come to visit her.Thefirst place to go to is, the Great Wall, which is the symbol of China and one ofthe seven wonders in the world. Wha
45、ts more, it is said to be the only construction that can be seen from the outer space. In the imperial periods, it was used in defense of the dynasties. Since liberation, it has become a place of interest. There is a famous saying: “He who does not reach the Great Wall isnt a true man.“,China is hom
46、e to Panda, an animal with only two colors, white and black, but very cute. Its our national treasure, often functioning as a friendly diplomat. Terracotta-clay warriors unearthed in Xian,a famous ancient city-were sculptured in Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of China. When former U.S. President Cli
47、nton came to China, he visited terracottas first. The above mentioned are just a wave of the sea. If you want to know more about this ancient nation,come and be our guest.,四六级作文模板,1. 对比选择型热点追踪 2. 问题解决型 3. 观点论证型 4. 图表说明型 5. 应用文 6.万能模版,一. 对比选择型热点追踪,There is no consensus of opinions among people as to
48、whether students should study abroad or not. Some people are of the view that the youths should go overseas for further study if possible, while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that it is of no necessity for students to study in a foreign country. Those people who maintain that it is
49、 good for students to go abroad for further study believe that diverse culture background can broaden students horizon. They also claim that overseas study can shape students personality because they are forced to deal with all kinds of difficulties bythemselves.,Nevertheless, the other people who c
50、ontend thatdomestic education is good enough for students argue that oureducational quality has been greatly improved during the pastdecade. They also point out that domestic education is convenient and economical. As far as I am concerned, the former opinion holds more weight. For one thing, it can
51、 strengthen the learners abilities to understand and communicate with people from other cultures. For another, the developed countries still have a lot advanced knowledge which is worth our study. When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that studying abroad if possible is advisable.,
