1、Unit 2 Space Invaders,Cultural Background Personal spacePeople surround themselves with a “bubble” of personal space that they claim as their own, and they tend to become stressed when other people invade their “bubble.” Our personal space protects us from too much arousal and helps us feel comforta
2、ble,when we communicate with other people. When two people are talking to each other, they tend to stand a specific distance apart. Each person has an invisible boundary around his body into which other people may not come. If someone pierces this boundary, he will feel uncomfortable and move away t
3、o increase the distance between them. (The major exception is family members and other loved ones.) This personal distance is not due to body odor or bad breath, but because closeness lends a sense of intimacy that is at odds with their relationship to the other individual. Interestingly, the averag
4、e personal distance varies from culture to culture. Take American culture as an example. Americans tend to require more personal space than in other cultures. So if you try to get too close to an American during your conversation, he or she,will feel that you are “in their face” and will try to back
5、 away. Try to be aware of this, so if the person to whom you are speaking backs away a little, dont try to close the gap. Also, try to avoid physical contact while you are speaking, since this may also lead to discomfort. Touching is a bit too intimate for casual acquaintances. So dont put your arm
6、around their shoulders, touch their face, or hold their hand. Shaking hands when you initially meet or part is acceptable, but this is only momentary.,Main IdeaThe author points out that personal space invasion has become a serious phenomenon, then examines the nature and cause of space invasion.,St
7、ructural Analysis Paragraphs 1-2: the authors experience of space invasionintroduction Paragraphs 3-7: serious phenomenon of invading personal space and its nature Paragraphs 8-9: reason for personal space and call for expansion of personal space,I was at the bank,I was standing in a line snaking ar
8、ound some tired velvet rope.,drooping, loosened or slackened,Illogical expression,Snake v. Move in a twisting way The train was snaking its way through the mountains. 小路沿着山坡蜿蜒至远方。 The path snaked away into the distance along the hillside. 她站在食堂里面弯弯曲曲的队伍里。 She stood in a queue snaking around in the c
9、anteen.,A murderous knife Those purposeless days Carrie leads quite a busy life. 西雅图不眠夜 Sleepless Seatle,inch v. move slowly and carefully in a specified direction He was inching his way across the high roof. inch n.measure of length equal to 2.54 cm or one twelfth of a footCollocations by inches: b
10、it by bit, gradually every inch: completely, entirely not budge/yield an inch: not give way at all within an inch of: very near, almost,Translate the following sentences into Chinese:He came within an inch of being struck by a falling tile. He had seen her come to this by inches.,minutely adv. caref
11、ully and precisely; in small detailHe examined the jewels minutely before saying how much it was worth. The two mens accounts of the accident varied only minutely. minute adj. careful and exact; very small He gave me minute instructions about my work. His writing is so minute that its difficult to r
12、ead.,我还没仔细研究账目细节，只是粗略浏览了一遍。 I havent studied the accounts minutely; Ive merely read them through. 把档案交给老板之前，他仔细检查了一下。 He checked the document minutely before handing it to his boss.,Foreign Newspapers & Magazines: Wall Street Journal New York Times Washington Post USA Today Newsweek Time Readers Dig
13、est The Times Financial Times,sidle v. walk in a timid manner, especially sideways or obliquelyCompare: sneak, stroll, stride ramble stride: walk with long steps plod: walk with heavy steps or with difficulty,Fill in the blanks A huge crowd down Fifth Avenue in the Easter Parade. The poor old man al
14、ong, hardly able to lift each foot. We round to the back door. We purposefully up to the door and knocked at it loudly. The young man began to near the pretty girl sitting on the log.Strolled, plodded, sneaked, strode, sidle,scribble,shuffle v. walk by dragging ones feet along or without lifting the
15、m fully from the ground He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room. A fat woman was shuffling along with a pushchair. Phrases: shuffle sth. off: avoid talking or thinking about something because it is not considered important shuffle out of sth.: try to avoid some unpleasant task by acting
16、 dishonestly,他推卸责任，换了话题。 He shuffled off his own responsibility and changed the topic.她说她有病，把杂事都推掉了。 She shuffled out of the chores by saying she felt ill.,Vivid description,1. a man in a sweat-suit; 2. me; 3. the woman reading the Wall Street Journal;4. the man scribbling a check;5. white-haired la
17、dy,inching toward,advanced toward,sidle up to,shuffled toward,in his eagerness,minutely,in mild annoyance,absent-mindedly,Chain effects: cause chaos, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. until we were all pushing agai
18、nst each other, leaving the line in a disorder.直到我们互相推挤，原先松垮的边界线乱成一团，就像弹簧玩具。,Slinky as a toy,“机灵鬼”，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩具,slinky as adj.,Sextually attractive,The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it The phrase “personal space” sounds old fashioned and reminds one of the seventies .“私
19、人空间”这个词听起来有点古怪，让人想起70年代来。,quaint adj. attractively unusual or old-fashionedCompare: unique, eccentric being the only one of its sort eccentric: (of a persons behavior) peculiar, not normal or conventional outlandish: looking or sounding odd, strange or foreign,Fill in the blanks American visitors to
20、 England admire ourcustoms. He introduced or unbelievable people and situations in his works. If you go to the party with this pair of shoes, people will think you are rather . Every individual is .quaint, outlandish, eccentric, unique,ring n. a quality, or an impression of having the quality that i
21、s mentioned The books he mentioned had a familiar ring about them. Her story had a ring of truth about it. Phrase: ring true/false: sound true/false His promise rang false to me.,他的承诺显示出真诚。 There was a ring of sincerity in his promise.他的声音洋溢着胜利之情。 His voice has a triumphant ring.,gratify,intuitively
22、, but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings.,Paraphrase: but it is still one of the expressions that can be immediately understood by all people and give them pleasure. 但它是一种让所有人凭直觉就能明白的、愉快的表达方式。,Make somebody uneasy:,make somebody feel anxious
23、 that something may be wrong or there may be some danger., Penetrate:see through understand,Vt. be penetrated with discontent 深为不满 penetrate the mystery of 揭示.的秘密,The rain penetrated (through) our clothes. 雨水湿透了我们的衣服。 A smell of gunpowder penetrated the woods. 森林中弥漫着火药味。 Western ideas penetrate slow
24、ly through the East. 西方观念逐渐传入东方。,Text Analysis -Part,Para.3-examples of space invasion,In our daily life, can you give some examples of personal space invasion? Funny examples: how close is too close? Examples in the text: In elevators; on the street; on the subway; in lines at the airport Wedge in,
25、 zigzag, jostle, no longer carve out zones, press forward,Buses, elevators, theatres and many other similar places tend to reduce personal space. People routinely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for space invasion., Wedge:,n. a wedge of cake
26、一块楔形蛋糕 vi. The box wont wedge into such a narrow space. 那盒无法塞进那么小的地方去。,wedge,v. force into a narrow space; fix sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. Else 把门打开，用报纸抵住门让它开着。 Open the door and wedge it open with newspapers. 用一些纸片塞在桌脚, 那样它就不会摇晃了. Wedge pieces of paper in between the leg and the floor
27、 and it wont be shaky any more. 我如果不在的话，把作业塞进门缝吧。 If Im not in, wedge your homework under the door.,zigzag v. move forward by going at an angle first to one side then to the other We are zigzagging up the hill. The motor bike was zigzagging in and out of the traffic. 闪电曲折地在天空划过。 Lightning zigzagged
28、across the sky.,zigzag adj.,a zigzag line 一条锯齿形的线A zigzag line is made up of a series of sharp turns to the right and left. zigzag reflection 多次反射,zigzag adv. The path ran zigzag up the hill.,Vt. The office buildings were slightly zigzagged to fit available ground space. 办公大楼为了配合可用的地皮建造得略呈之字形。,jostl
29、e v. push, elbow, or bump against (someone) roughly, typically in a crowd 推搡；推挤 The rough man was jostling his way through the crowded market. The naughty boy was jostling against other children on the noisy playground. Phrases: jostle ones way Jostle Against One Another 倾轧,我们被人群挤来挤去。 We were jostle
30、d in the crowd.那扒手在人群中撞我。 The pickpocket jostled against me in the crowd.,Riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space:,subway passengers are no longer trying to establish some personal space between them,Fidgety,adj. impatient or uneasy Mary is always fidgeting about her mot
31、hers health.,fidgety adj. impatient or uneasy Why do you feel so fidgety? What happened to you?fidget v.make small movements, especially of the hands and feet, through nervousness or impatience Hurry up, your father is beginning to fidget. Phrase: fidget about/with,我一坐飞机就心神不安。 Travelling in planes m
32、akes me fidgety.久坐往往使小孩子们烦躁不安。 Having to sit still for a long time often gives small children the fidgets.,Para.4-7,What are the possible reasons for the tendency? More people, less space; The season makes proximity more alluring/less; Stimulating effects of caffeine; Cultural and geographical diffe
33、rence in personal space;,5. The decline of manners; 6. Impudent space invaders ( mini-territorial expansionists). 7. The shrinkage of our psychological space.,attribute . to . believe (something) to be the result of Jim attributes his success to hard work. The car accident was attributed to faulty b
34、rakes.Synonyms: owe to ,他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。 They attribute their success to their teachers encouragement.两位教皇都死于心脏病。 The deaths of both popes were attributed to heart attacks.,relentless adj. never ending; oppressively constant He was relentless in his pursuit of fame and fortune. 2. without pityrelentle
35、ss persecutionrelentlessly adv. He beat his child relentlessly.,他冷酷无情，要求偿还那笔债。 He was relentless in demanding repayment of the debt.绵绵秋雨后，气温下降了。 It cools down after a relentless autumnal rain.,Malthusian Logic,马尔萨斯人口论 Thomas Robert Malthus: British economist and clergyman. Essay on Population He arg
36、ued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine, or disease or efforts are made to limit population.,The Chinese government adopted one-child policy in the 80s. Do you support this policy? whats y
37、our reason?,proximity,n. (formal) nearness in space, time, or relationship in (close) proximity to; in the proximity ofin the proximity (ie neighbourhood) of the building The restaurant benefits from its proximity to several cinemas. Synonym: nearness, closeness,proximity,proximate adj. nearest,prox
38、imity,多少世纪以来，它们的巢穴一直都紧靠人类。 - For centuries and centuries, their nests have been placed in closest proximity to man.The research was facilitated by proximity to a large library. -靠近大图书馆给那项研究提供了便利。,alluring adj. charming, fascinatingDrizzling makes the small town more alluring. Wearing the new blouse,
39、 she looked more alluring.allure v.: powerfully attract; lure (now the more usually word)The travel brochure allured/lured me into taking a Caribbean vacation.,Ive wondered if its the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). I have suspected that maybe the cause
40、 (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, to keep a distance between each other. 我怀疑是季节造成了空间侵略：T恤也许会让人们想亲密接触（也更可能让彼此疏远）。,Manhattan,Manhattan Island, an island in New York city surrounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem river
41、s,Proliferation,n. rapid increase in numbers nuclear non-proliferation treaty 防止核扩散条约,proliferate,vi. increase rapidly in numbers 因为核武器的扩散，世界变得越来越不安全。 - The world is becoming more and more unsafe due to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.,Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in ManhattanOr
42、perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in privacy. 或者可能是曼哈顿不断涌现的咖啡厅它们的数量似乎每三个月就会增加一倍给已经闹个不停的当地人灌下了大量咖啡因，使他们再也耐不住寂寞。,Compare: lure, tempt & sedu
43、ce Lure implies a drawing into danger, evil, or difficulty through attracting and deceiving. Tempt implies the presenting of an attraction so strong that it overcomes the restraints of conscience or better judgment. Seduce implies a leading astray by persuasion or false promises.,Fill in the blanks
44、He naive investors with get-rich-quick scheme. The poor man was by the assurance of assistance. I think these nice displays of goods in shops only people into stealing.lured, seduced, tempt,infuse v. soak (tea, herbs, etc.) in liquid to extract flavor or healing properties He was infusing the herbs
45、for three minutes. 2. put, pour (a quality, etc.) into, fill (somebody with)His speech was infusing the men with eagerness.Collocation: infuse into/with,将军给士兵们灌输新的勇气。 The general infused fresh courage into the soldiers.他的作品绝大部分充满着唯物主义精神。 His works are for the most part infused with the spirit of sci
46、entific materialism.,jangle,if your nerves jangle, or if sb/ sth jangles them, you feel anxious or upset 刺激，烦扰（神经）；（使）烦躁不安 V She was suddenly wide awake, her nerves jangling. 她突然间清醒过来，神经焦躁不安。,local,(n.) a person who lives in the particular small area which you are talking about: The caf is popular w
47、ith both locals and visitors. (adj.) belonging to or connected with the particular place or area that you are talking about: He found a job in a local TV station. The local government is calling for more donation.,Compare: keep to sth. 1. abide by He always keeps to his promises. 2. limit oneself to
48、 Youd better keep to the subject at issue. 3. stay in My friend had to keep to his bed because of fever.,我们若不按时完成计划就要倒霉了。 If we cant keep to the schedule, well be in trouble.没有人了解这位老人，他一般不和别人来往。 Nobody knows much about the old man. He keeps to himself most of the time.,Para.5-Geographical difference
49、s,The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. More PS less PS in Colorado (US) in Calcutta (India) Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Englishmen Brazilians,Point-to-point contrast,The logistics of it vary according to geography.People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.对私人空间的安排随地域变化。,Calcutta the capital of West Bengal state, in East India, on the Hooghly River,
