1、,考研英语语法之从句知识,ENGLISH SENTENCES,by Hou Xiaojing,April 26th,2012,Baoji University of Arts and Sciences,2,宾语从句,主语从句,定语从句,表语从句,状语从句,同位语从句,充当句子主要成分的从句,充当修饰说明成分的从句,3,名词性从句引导词,关系代词： who, whose, what, which (在句中担当主语，宾语，定语，表语等),关系副词：when, where, how, why (在句中担当状语）,连接词： that、whether, if (在从句中不做成分),4,5,一 主语从句：
2、主要强调It做形式主语的主语从句：为平衡句子结构，谓语较短，主语较长时，通常用It做形式主语。关联词用 that .,It is + 过去分词 + 从句,It is + 形容词 + 从句,3. It is + 名词 + 从句,4. It + 不及物动词 + 从句,5. 其它句式：,It做形式主语与it 引导强调句之比较,5. 其它句式：,6,1. It is + 过去分词 + 从句It is known 不得而知 It is not decided 尚未定论 It is said/ reported 据说，据报道 It must be pointed out 必须指出 It has been
3、proved 已证明 It is estimated 据估计 It is universally accepted 人们普遍接受的观点或看法是,7,2. It is + 形容词 + 从句It is natural 很自然 It is obvious 显而易见 It is fortunate 幸运的是 It is unlikely 不可能 It is strange 奇怪的是,8,3. It is + 名词 + 从句It is a pity that 遗憾的是 It is a fact that 事实是 It is good news that 是好消息 It is a wonder that
4、真是个奇迹 It is common knowledge that 是常识,9,4. It + 不及物动词 + 从句It appears that 好像是 It happened that 碰巧 It follows that 由此可见 It turns that It turned out that 结果却是，证明是,10,5. 其它句式It doesnt matter 无关紧要的 It makes no difference 毫无区别 It suddenly struck me that 我突然想到 It occurred to me that 我突然感觉到,11,It做形式主语与it 引
5、导强调句之比较1. It was in Beijing that they met for the first time. (去掉强调结构，句子仍完整)2.It is certain that she will succeed. (形式主语）3.However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough. (形式主语)即使是开始对某种特定气味不敏感的人，
6、如果经常接触这种气味，也会突然变得对它敏感起来。,2005,12,二 宾语从句 e.g. (2008) 介词宾语Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do.然而，甚至是他这样一个人，一想到自己即将要做的事，心里也会发怵。e.g. （2012）it 做形式宾语That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgment.这种行为使得法院的判决不
7、太可能被视作公正无私。,13,二 表语从句名词性从句位于系动词（如“be”）后作表语从句常见系动词有： 状态系动词：be 表像系动词：seem, appear, look 感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste 持续系动词：rest, stand, keep, continue, stay, remain 变化系动词：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 终止系动词：prove, turn out,14,e.g. (2012 Text1) 表语从句That whispered message, half invitat
8、ion and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peerpressure.这种半邀请半强迫的耳语是我们中大部分人听到“同伴压力”这个词时的所思所想。e.g.(2006 Text 4)But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.但是， 这并不是说以前的时代就没有经历过连年的战争、灾难和滥杀无辜。,15,三 同位语从句同位语从句说明前边的代词，名称或名词
9、短语的具体内容。常用的名词性从句引导词为that。e.g. (2009 Text 3) 同位语从句. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.传统观点认为教育应该成为促进贫困国家经济快速发展首要考虑的因素之一， 然而，这种观点是错误的。,16,e.g. (2010年知识运用题) 同位语从句Instead, the stu
10、dies ended up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effects”, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects behavior.然而，这些研究最终却提出了“霍桑效应”，这个极具影响力的结论指出被用来做实验这一举动会改变试验对象的行为。e.g. (2010) 同位语从句An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be eno
11、ugh to alter workers behavior by itself.似乎仅仅是意识到自己被当做实验对象就足以促使工人改变行为。,17,e.g.(2012 Text1)“Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. 一场旨在减少年轻人（ 最渴望融入的年轻人）吸烟的运动在广告牌上写道：“勇于与众不同，请勿
12、吸烟”。,名词+ 后置定语的同位语从句,18,e.g.(2009 Text3) Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan and Toyota achieved about 95% of the productivity of their Japanese counterpart a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.然而，研究表明，本田、尼桑、丰田（三家日本汽车商）的美国工厂达到了日本本土工厂生产率的约95%，这归
13、功于对美国工人进行的在岗培训。,19,e.g. (2008 Text3)Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.尽管一般来说，现在美国人的身高比140年前约高了两英寸，但他们，尤其是那些 几代都在美国生活的家庭中出生的
14、人，其身高在20世纪60年代初明显已达到了极限。,20,四 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句中的某个名词性成分，一般紧跟在先行词后面。e.g. （1999）When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due toinjuries is kept at a minimum.如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里，因工伤损失的 时间会被保持在最低限度。,21,介词结构+宾语，做后置定语As a discovery c
15、laim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.伴随着发现声明竭力通过科学界的认可，其间所涉及到的、有关相关科技的共享信念和对抗信念之间的互动和对抗就将个体的研究发现转变为业界
16、集体共有的可信发现。,22,省略引导词的定语从句e.g.(2010 Text 4)These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the pricemanagers and regulators would like them to fetch.这些规则要求它们必须根据第三方愿意买入的价格，而不是管理者和监管机构期望 它们能够卖得的价格来评估一些资产。,23,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别：限定性定语从句，先行词是主句的一个成分，紧跟修饰，可用关系代词，关系副词或
17、that 引导。非限定性定语从句，先行词可以是某一句子成分，也可以是整个主句部分，逗号隔开，补充说明，可以用关系代词和关系副词，不能用that 引导。,24,e.g. (2012) 非限定性定语从句When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust. 当法院处理社会政策判决时，其所形成的法
18、律不可避免地具有政治性这就是为何因为思想路线不同而产生分歧的判决很容易被认为不公正，从而被推翻。,25,特殊引导词As 在定语从句中的用法：在限定性定语从句中， as 结构多为 such as 和 the same as 结构，用来代替先行词是人或物的名词，在the same as 结构中，as可用 that 代替。在非限定性定语从句中， as 作为关系代词代替整个主句，as引导的位置可以位于主句前面，中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，通常翻译为“正如.一样，正像.一样.”。,26,e.g. (2008) （as 的用法）The group have contributed dispropor
19、tionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites affirm.（as引导非限定性定语从句，意思为 “正如一样”，指代主句内容） 这一人群对西方的学术和文化生活做出了同他们人口数量极不成比例的巨大贡献，这一点被他们中的精英人物的事业所充分证明。As might be expected, John was admitted to the university.约翰被大学录取了，这是可以预料的。,27,e.g. Below is a description of w
20、hat our life will be in the year 2012 as predicted by a present-day writer.下面是一位现代作家对“2012年我们的生活将会是什么样子”所做预言的描述。（as 引导定语从句）As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. (特殊用法：as 做定语从句中的主语) 同任何发
21、达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。,28,五状语从句副词性从句，修饰谓语动词，反映动作发生的条件，原因，结果，方式，伴随状况等。 从句与动作的逻辑关系由引导词来体现。(详见逻辑关系词总结)独立主格结构1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开,29,一般独立主格形式为:n. + -ed / -ing形式; n. + 不定式 ;n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词n. + 副词 ; 独立主格结构（Independent Geniti
22、ve）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系,与主句逻辑关系松散.独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。,非谓语动词,30,表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条
23、件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。,31,用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语Weathe
24、r permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。,32,用作伴随状语He was l
25、ying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 * 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。,33,六.不定式结构具有名词，形容词和副词的特点，可以充当除
26、了谓语之外所有成分。e.g. (2012 Text 2) 不定式充当形容词修饰成分Instead, the company has done precisely what is had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.事实上，这家公司一直以来都严格履行其早就做出的
27、不挑战佛蒙特州法规在联邦法院的合宪性的承诺，该承诺是其为佛蒙特州杨基核电厂维持运营而做出的努力的一部分。,34,e.g. 2012Text 3 (不定式做表语)：Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.不足为奇
28、的是，新公开的发现声明和貌似重要而且令人信服的可信发现始终很容易被后来的研究者质疑、甚至修改或反驳。,35,否定涵义词及否定结构Prevent/ persuade from 劝某人不要 Warn against 提醒某人不要 Live up to 不辜负 But for . 要不是（e.g. But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work.）Rather than 而不是 Too to 太 以至于不能 At a loss 不知所措，迷茫,36,In vain 无效 Within 不超出 Without 没有 Beyond 做不到 Out
29、of 不再处于某种状态 Out of place 完全不合适 Out of question 毋庸置疑 out of the question 不可能，不允许，不值得讨论 In the dark about 对不知情 Anything but 是任何事情, 却不是 一般意译为“绝不、绝没有”,37,e.g. (2011翻译题) 含否定意义的词The sobering aspect of Allens book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.艾伦这部著作让人清醒的一面
30、在于它指出：对于自己的现状，我们不能问责旁人，只能归咎于自己。,38,e.g. (2012 Text 2) 插入语A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management.一连串的事故，包括2007年出现的冷凝塔的局部坍塌，以
31、及发现地下管道系统的泄漏，给佛蒙特州杨基核电厂的安全以及Entergy公司的管理提出了严重的问题。,39,并列句 -由并列连词连接，体现两个分句间的逻辑关系，如承接，转折，对比，选择等。e.g (2004 Text4) 并列 Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. 智力寻求的是理解，运用，整合和调节，而才智是审视，思考，怀疑，形成理论，批判和想象。,
32、40,e.g. (2012 Text 2) 选择Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. Entergy 要么从来没有打算遵循这些承诺，要么并没有预期将会出现什么后果。,41,接虚拟语气的动词有：表示建议、要求：propose, suggest, recommend, advice, command, request, require 表示决议、偏好：determine, decide, desire,
33、 intend, prefer 表示命令、主张、推测：instruct, direct, appoint, urge, argue, maintain, deduce 表示坚持：insist, persist,42,接虚拟语气的名词有：建议、想法：advice, demand, belief, order, suggestion, recommendation, request 决议、偏好：decision, preference, plan, motion, desire 必要、坚持：necessity, insistence, persistence 命令、规则： requirement, regulation,43,接虚拟语气的形容词有：必要、重要：important, necessary, urgent,essential, vital, imperative 合适、可行：appropriate, desirable, advisable, preferable, proper,44,Thanks For Your Attention,The End,
