1、 1自考英语（二）讲义 -00015 Unit 1 The Power of Language 2 Unit 2 Mistakes to Success 11 Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty 20 Unit 4 The Joy of Work 28 Unit 5 Keeping Your Dreams Alive 37 Unit 6 The Value of Money . 45 Unit 7 Inner Voice . 55 Unit 8 The Great Minds . 65 Unit 9 Facing Lifes Challenges 79 Unit 10
2、Ode to Public Transport 88 Unit 11 Cyber World . 98 Unit 12 A Break from Life 109 2 Unit 1 The Power of Language I. New words and expressions New words 1. critical adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的 2. non-fiction n. 纪实文学 3. position n. 观点；态度；立场 4. statement n. 说明；说法；表态 5. question v. 表示疑问；怀疑 out of question / o
3、ut of the question 6. evaluate v. 估计；评价；评估 7. context n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉 8. value n. values pl.是非标准；价值观 valuable invaluable=priceless valueless 9. represent v. 描述；表现 representative adj./n. 10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言 11. sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的 Sufficiency insufficient 12. statistic n. statistics pl.统计
4、数字；统计资料 13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体 14. authority n.专家；学术权威；泰斗 an/the authority on sth. authorize 15. compare v. 比较；对比 compare A with B compare A to B 16. subject n. 主题；题目；题材 17. consistent adj. 相符的；符合的 18. inconsistency n. 不一致 19. assumption n. 假定；假设 20. case n. 具体情 况 ；事 例 in case in case of fire in
5、 case that a case in point 3confirmed/suspected cases 21. directly adv. 直接地 ； 径直地 22. identify v. 找到 ；发现 23. valid adj. 符合 逻辑 的；合 理 的；确 凿 的 validity n. 有 效性 ，正确（ 性 ） invalid 24. credible adj. 可信 的； 可靠 的 incredible=unbelievable 25. landmark n.（标 志重要阶段 的） 里程碑 26. relevant adj. 紧密 相 关 的； 切 题的 relevancy
6、 n. 关联 ； 恰当 irrelevant 27. current adj. 现 时 发生的； 当前 的 28. appropriate adj. 合 适 的； 恰当 的 inappropriate Its (not) appropriate that . 29. bias n. 偏见 ； 偏心 ； 偏向 30. considerably adv. 非 常 ； 很 ；相 当多地 consider considering considerable considerate consideration 31. Democrat n. （ 美国 ） 民 主 党党员 ， 民 主 党支持者民 32. R
7、epublican n. （ 美国 ） 共和党党员 ， 共和党支持者 33. reflect v. 显 示；表明；表 达 34. informed adj. 有学问的；有 见识 的 well-informed ill-informed Phrases and Expressions 1. apply to 使 用 ； 应用 2. put forth 提出 ； 产 生 3. take into account 考虑到 ； 顾及 4. accept/take at face value 相 信 表 面 ； 信以 为 真 5. with a grain of salt 有 保留地 ； 持 怀疑态度
8、地 II. Text Learning Critical Reading 4 (1)Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just（不 只 是，不 仅 仅 是） understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading inv
9、olves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（ 启下句 ） 本部分重点及难点 ： 1. Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seek
10、s to make a statement. apply to sb./sth.= be applicable to sb./sth. apply的 派 生 词： application, applicant, applicable Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. (2)Or, you may be reading something w
11、ritten some time ago in a different time context than yours. (3)In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 本部分重点及难点 ： 2. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time con
12、text than yours. some time 注意区分： sometime / sometimes / some times 3. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 不 论哪种 情 况 ， 你必须注意 并 考虑你 的价值观 和 态度 与作者 所 述的价值观 和 态度有 何 不 同。 those是 代 词 ， 代替 前面 的 复 数 名
13、词 values and attitudes。 代替 可 数 名 词 单 数或不 可 数 名 词用 that。例 如 ： The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class. The values of the young people differ from those of their elders. Your voice is more beautiful that that of your classmates. The price of that book is higher than th
14、at of this one. 请认 真 答 题， 答 题 结果将记入知 识 点 测 评的成 绩！ 【单选 题 】 1. The necklace her sister is wearing is much more beautiful than _ worn by Mary. A this B that C these D those 【答案】 B 5 【解析】本 题 考 查指代 词 those/that的 用 法 。 英语 句 子中 为 了避免 重 复 常 使 用 代 词 代替 前面出 现 过 的 名 词。 代替 前面 的 复 数 名 词用 those； 代替 可 数 名 词 单 数或不
15、可 数 名 词用 that。 本 句 中空格处 要 填 的 词 代替代替单 数 可 数 名 词 necklace， 故选 A。 此处 that也 可以 换 成 the one。 【知 识 点 】指代 词 those/that的 用 法 Question assertions made by the author. Dont accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any as
16、sertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.（ 承上 句 ） Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities. Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. (4)Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have writte
17、n about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies. （ 承 上 句 ） 本部分重点及难点 ： 4. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. be consistent with 与 一致 consist vi. 组 成（ of）； 在于 （ in
18、）；符合（ with） The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity. This doesnt consist with what you told me earlier. 这 和你 先 前 告诉 我 的不符合 。 consist的 派 生 词： consistent, inconsistent, consistency, inconsistency 请认 真 答 题， 答 题 结果将记入知 识 点 测 评的
19、成 绩！ 【单选 题 】 2. To tell you the truth, I really hope that your actions will consist _ your words this time. A of B in C at D with 【答案】 D 【解析】本 题 考 查 consist的 用 法 。 consist of意 为 “由 组 成 “； consist in意 为 “在于 “； consist with意 为 “与 一致 “， 故选 D。 consist at不 存 在 。 该 句 的 意 思 是 “说实 话 ， 我 真 希望这次 你 的言 行能 一致 “。
20、 【知 识 点 】 consist的 用 法 Analyze assumptions made by the author. (5)Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the authors assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.（ 承上 6 启下句 ）
21、 Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid. Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be
22、 certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.（ 承上 句 ） Finally if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current（ 启下句 ） . For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not b
23、e appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics. Identify any possible author bias. (6)A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. (7)What is written may very well
24、 reflect a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written with “a grain of salt.“ By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate. 本部分重点及难点 ： 5. Assumptions are whatever the author must b
25、elieve is true in order to make assertions. whatever引导 的是表 语从 句 ，不 能换 成 no matter what。 名 词性 从 句 （主 语 ， 宾语 ，表 语 ， 同 位语从 句 ） 中 ， “疑问 词 ever“不 能换 成 “no matter+疑问 词 “， 状语从 句 中 可以 换 用。例 如 ： Whoever comes to our party is welcome. （不 能换 成 no matter who ） He will lend a helping hand to whoever needs his he
26、lp. (不 能换 ) He will buy whatever his son wants. （不 能换 ） Whatever you do, I will support you. (能换 成 no matter what ) 6. A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. likely 在该 句 中 是 副 词 likely adj. / ad
27、v. be likely to do sth. Its likely that a likely result Profit will most likely have risen by about ?2 million. 利润极 可 能 增加 200万英镑左右 。 （ 副 词 ） likely的 派 生 词： unlikely, likelihood。例 如 ： The likelihood of infection is minimal. 感染 的 可 能 性 极小 。 7. What is written may very well reflect a biased position.
28、a biased position 7 be biased to/toward(s)/against 反义 词： unbiased III. 部分练习讲解 P111 Bridging the Gap Directions: Fill in the blanks with a word or a phrase that best completes the passage. You may choose a suitable one from the list given. 解 题 方 法 ： 把 词分 类 动 词 名词 形容词 副词 define action powerful interna
29、lly express tears personal shape shape good respond to Language is one of the things that sets us apart as beings, one of the things that essentially 1 definesus as humans. When language is used well it can elicit very deep feeling in others, motivate others to 2 actionand define the nature of our r
30、elationships. Sometimes in poetry the juxtaposition（并 列 ） of two words or a certain phrase can bring 3 tearsto the eyes, call up a whole host of imagery and move us deeply. We have seen language recently used in the politics of persuasion, used for 4 goodor ill - depending on your viewpoint. When we
31、 use language to 5 expressour true feelings to someone it can open and deepen the connection between us. Language is a very 6 powerfultool. How we use language shapes our world both 7 internallyand externally. How you use self-talk - what you say to yourself about yourself and about the world direct
32、ly 8 shapes（ 塑造 ，使成 形 ） your experience of both yourself and the world. How you deliver communication shapes the way the world 9 responds toyou. We can use language more effectively in both spheres: internal and external and directly influence the health and power of our 10 personalrelationships and
33、 our business relationships. I. New words and expressions New words 1. confidence n.自 信心 ； 把 握 相 关词： confident be confident of sb. / sth. have / lose confidence in sb. / sth. 注意 比较 ： confident / confidential 2. program v. 训练 ； 培养 3. mastery n. 控制 ； 驾驭 4. destiny n. 命运 ； 天命 ； 天 数 5. dramatically adv.
34、 巨大 地 ； 惊人 地 ； 显 著 地 6. quality n. 质量 ； 品质 8 7. subconscious adj. 下意识 的； ?意识 的 8. please v. 使 满 意 ；使 愉快 9. command n.（ 给人 或 动 物 的） 命令 10. knowingly adv. 故 意地 ； 蓄 意地 11. impact n. 巨大影响 ； 强大 作用 12. matter v. 事 关紧要 ；有 重 大影响 13. confident adj. 自 信 的；有 自 信心 的 14. sense n.（对 重 大 事情的） 感 觉 ， 意识 15. eliminat
35、e v. 排除 ； 清除 ； 消除 eliminate all grammatical mistakes be eliminated in the first round 16. disempower v. 剥夺 ；使 失 去权 利 ； 剥夺 力 量 注意 构 词 法 ： dis（表示 否 定） +em（使， 赋予 ） +power en- / em-常见 的 动 词前 缀 ， 如 ： enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等 。 empower v. 授 权， 赋予 权 利 17. self-esteem n. 自尊 （ 心 ） 18. limit v. 限制 ；
36、 限 定 区分 两个 名 词 limit和 limitation。 There is a limit / are limits to ones life. There is no limit / are no limits to knowledge. Everyone has his own limitations. 19. infinite adj. 极 大 的； 无 法 衡量 的 相 关词： finite, finitely, infinitely 20. stifle v. 压制 ； 扼杀 ； 阻止 21. creativity n. 创造 力 相 关词： create, creatio
37、n, creator, creative, creatively 22. internal adj. 内 心 的； 头脑 中 的 23. insignificant adj. 微 不足 道 的； 无 足 轻 重 的 相 关词： significant, significance, significantly, insignificance 24. commonly adv. 通 常 ； 常常 25. alternative n. 可 供 选 择 的事 物 ， 替代 物 have no alternative but to do sth. Is there any alternative to
38、going to the cinema? 26. fabulous adj. 极 好 的； 绝妙 的 Phrases and Expressions 1. carry out 完 成（ 任务 ） 2. be up to 取决 于 3. have an impact on/upon 对 产 生 巨大影响 9 4. rub out 用 橡皮擦掉 （字 迹等 ） 5. be in control of掌管 ； 管 理 ； 控制 II. Text Learning The Language of Confidence 1 The language we use programs our brains.
39、 Mastering our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use the language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve our quality of life. 2 Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our subconscious mind, which is
40、like a child, and it doesnt really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. (1)It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. “Try“ 3 It is a small word yet it has an amazin
41、g impact upon us. If someone says, “Ill try to do that“ you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. (2)How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say “Ill try to be more confident“ or “Ill tr
42、y to do that“ or “Ill try to call“? 4 Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say, “Ill try to “ and notice how you feel. Next say, “I will do “ and see how you feel. 5 (3)The latter makes you feel better than the first one, doesnt
43、it? It gives you a sense of determination, a feeling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try notice if it gets done or not. Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves.（ 承上 句 ） 本部分重点及难点 ： 1. It is eager to please and willin
44、g to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. 它渴 望 取悦 ， 乐 意 听 从 你 给它 的 任 何 命令 ， 而 你 是有 意 还 是 无 意地 做 这 些完全取决 于 你。 (1) carry out commands 执 行 命令 (2) be up to sb. 取决 于 某 人 例 如 ： Its up to you whether we go there or not. 2. How often do you us
45、e the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? matter v. be important 例 如 ： As long as staff are smart, it does not matter how long their hair is. 员 工 只要 聪 明， 头 发 留多 长没什么 关 系 。 It matters a lot whether you come to my birthday party or not. 10 3. The latter makes you feel better tha
46、n the first one, doesnt it? the former the latter “Cant“ 6 This is another small word with a big impact. It disempowers us, makes us feel weak and helpless, and damages our self-esteem. (4)It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. Rub it out from your internal dictionary and replace i
47、t with something that makes you feel great. 本部分重点及难点 ： 4. It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. (1) infinite的 词 根 是 finite， 其 它 相 关词： finitely, infinitely, finiteness/finity, infiniteness/infinity。 (2) creativity的 词 根 是 create。注意区分 两个 名 词： creation / creativity。 请认 真 答 题， 答 题 结果将记
48、入知 识 点 测 评的成 绩！ 【单选 题 】 3. 选 择 括号 内 所 给 单 词 的正确 形 式 填空 ： A small word like “cant“ limits our _ (finite) abilities and discourages _(create). A finite, creating B finite, creation C infinite, creativity D infinite, creation 【答案】 C 【解析】本 题 考 查 finite及 create的 派 生 词。 第 一 个 空格 要 填 的 词作 abilities的定 语 ， 故
49、选 择 形 容 词 ； 第二 个 空格 要 填 的 词作 discourage的 宾 语 ， 根据 句 义 “cant这 样 的 小 词 限制 了我 们 无限 的 能 力并 压制 了我 们 的 创造 性 “， 故选 C。 【知 识 点 】 finite及 create的 派 生 词 7 Instead of saying you cant, why not say something like “I choose （ 愿 意 ） “ or “I choose not to “. Using words like this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life. 8 Words may appear small and insignificant, yet they can have a deep and lasting effect on us. (5)Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever
