1、1,阅读理解试题分析与答题技巧(二),主旨大意型,2,一、题型特点,这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。,3,二、题干表现形式：,1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式: The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about The passage is mainly discusses Which of th
2、e following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? What is the passage mainly about? 2). 目的类主旨大意题 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to . The purpose of this article is to 3). 标题类主旨大意题 The best title for the passage might be The best title for
3、 the passage would be,4,三、应试技巧,一、主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性 句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.,5,应试技巧 如何寻找主题句,Passage 1The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts.
4、 Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.,）文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.,6,Passage 2,Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly th
5、at the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of
6、 many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of
7、 birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.,7,Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said“ The sad story touched me
8、 so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.,2). 首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味,8,A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surpr
9、isingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as sk
10、illfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.,3). 文尾 在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,9,No
11、thing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also n
12、eeds one after the light of the campfire has been out.,4). 文中 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,10,5). 无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,11,Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and d
13、ecided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How
14、Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.,【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受
15、教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 ,12,Types Of Paragraph Structures,At the beginning,At the end,In the middle,No clear topic sentence,13,1Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(
16、illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,S
17、moking cigarettes is harmful to your health.,14,2 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi-onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying tohide his own weakness. So, it is foolish totry to judge a
18、 person only by his appearance,So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,15,3If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu-rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to b
19、uy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to
20、another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A. Buyer Beware B. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set,This sales trick is called “bait and switch”.,16,4 Tom studied four years a
21、t the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. The main
22、idea of this paragraph is that _. A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom
23、 received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,17,5 A couple of years ago I took the family on a winter vacation to New York city to experience the holiday atmosphere. The longest lines that week werent in the hall of the empire state building, at the Statue of Liberty ferry or any of New Yo
24、rks other landmarks, but in the square at Fifth avenue and 58 Street, where the crowd to get into FAO Schwarz (a toy store )snaked around the block. The author wants to tell us _ in this Para. A. the distribution of people. B. the poor traffic conditions. C. the popularity of a toy store D. the nice
25、 holiday atmosphere.,18,Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心)
26、, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Lite
27、racy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Aft
28、ernoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans
29、to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.,Example and success of the program,59. What is mainly discussed in the text?A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs.C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.,19,10Magellans men
30、 were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Oc
31、ean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Is
32、lands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men coul
33、d sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A. Magellans deathB. Going Around The WorldC. The World Is RoundD. Magellans Voyage,(too narrow),(too narrow),(too broad),(proper),20,Magellans men were the first to m
34、ake the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sa
35、iled more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was k
36、illed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the wor
37、ld and that our earth is but a huge ball.,Paragraph 1:Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world .,Paragraph 2:The process of Magellans long difficult voyage,Paragraph 3: Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.,Magellans voyage,21,6). 注意标志词,文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后.On the whole, in sh
38、ort, thereforeI agree with the opinion that Given all these points above, I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer,22,Characteristics of this kind of questions:,1. 该主题是作者的观点（不是他人的观点，不是描写、说明，也不一定是事实）。,2. 一个段落或一篇文章一般主题只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明、论证作用。段落中其它的句子或文章的其它段落是用来解释、
39、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。,3.主旨句一般是下定义，做一个判断，或陈述一个观点。,23,应试技巧,三、选项分析 正确选项的特点 含有抽象名词和概括性词语. 四个选项中, 含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等词的选项一般是正确选项. 四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项 那些概括全文, 内容全面, 含义深刻, 说明道理的选项一般是答案项, 而选项内容片面, 单一的内容一般是错误选项.,24,错误选项的特点 以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话. 过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述. 把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解. 无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息,25,干扰项的陷阱,1.以偏概全，干扰项故意片面地理解文章，把文章中出现过的某一个观点当成整篇文章的主题。 2. 放大或缩小文章的主题，把文章的主题进行放大或者缩小。 3. 偷换概念，文章讲的主题被换成相关但不同的主题。,
