1、1T R A I N I N G M A N U A L 训练手册Water Surface Profile ModelingBOSS INTERNATIONAL, INC Copyright 2002 All Rights ReservedWater Surface Profile Modelingusing HEC-RAS使用港口进入管制-随机存取存储器模拟水面轮廓Chris Maeder, M.S.BOSS International History of BOSS International 老板国际公司的历史_ Started in 1986 -始于1986 年_ Universit
2、y of Wisconsin, Madison spin-off company威斯康星州，麦迪逊的副产品公司的培养基地_ Develop computer applications for the hydraulics, hydrology, groundwater, andenvironmental engineering areas研发了用于水力学，水文学，地下水和环境工程学区域的电脑软件1Technical Support技术支持_ WWW site _ On-line forums 网上论坛_ E-mailing lists 邮件_ Email _ Telephone608-258
3、-9910 电话608-258-9910_ Fax 608-258-9943 传真608-258-9943On-Line Forums 网上论坛2E-Mail Support Mailing List 电邮支持的邮件名单Additional Technical Documents 附加的技术文件3What Should You Know? 你需要知道什么？_ Basic understanding of river hydraulics 基本了解河流水利学_ The more modeling you have done the better, but not considered a pre
4、requisite 建模做的越多越好，但是要有先决条件_ Basic computer operations 基本的电脑操作_ Microsoft Windows 微软视窗操作_ Course will focus on HEC-RAS as a tool for hydraulic modeling 课程着重于港口进入管制-随机存取存储器作为一种水力建模的工具2Summary of Course 课程摘要_ Understand water surface profile modeling with HEC-RAS 理解拥有港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的水面轮廓建模_ Develop con
5、fidence in application of HEC-RAS to a variety of modeling problems 树立港口进入管制-随机存取存储器可以应用在各种建模问题的信心_ Learn how to troubleshoot models 学会充当故障检修员_ Learn how to review analysis results 学会回顾分析结果_ Learn advanced modeling techniques 学会先进的建模技术_ Learn to recognize potential problems in a modeling situation 学
6、会认知建模情况下的潜在问题。4Demonstration 示范_ Lectures will be mixed with live demonstrations of HEC-RAS 课程将与港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的现场示范相结合_ Lab periods will reinforce lectures 实验阶段将补充讲座_ Dont be afraid to get off the beaten path 不要担心不符合惯例_ Basic tutorial sessions (HEC-RAS tutorials) 基础指南部分（港口进入管制-随机存取存储器指南）_ Advanced t
7、utorial sessions 先进的指南部分_ ASK QUESTIONS PLEASE! 请提问HEC-RAS Modeling Capabilities 港口进入管制- 随机存取存储器建模容量_ Computes water surface profiles for steady and unsteady flow conditions 估算稳定和不稳定流动情况下的水面轮廓_ Models complex bridges and culverts (including multiple openings) 模拟复杂的桥桥梁与管道（包括多重通道）_ Computes subcritica
8、l, supercritical, and mixed flows 估算近乎紧急的，临界的和混合水流_ Computes floodplain encroachments 估算漫滩侵蚀_ Models channel modifications 模拟河渠修复_ Models bridge scour 模拟桥梁冲刷_ Models flood control structures (ie. Dams) with inline weirs and gated spillways 模拟带有内河堰和泄洪口的洪水控制建筑物_ Models levees and overtopping levees 模拟
9、防洪堤和高防洪堤_ Models storage areas (ponds) 模拟储存地区（池塘）_ Models multiple river networks and looped networks 模拟多样的河流连接系统和循环连接系统53Main Window 主要窗口_ Menu Bar 菜单栏_ 4 Files used in defining a model 用于定义模型的4个文件_ Project - Main file 程序主要文件_ Plan - Geometric “plan” layout 计划几何的计划布局_ Geometry - Cross-section geome
10、try data 几何学横截面的几何数据_ Flow - Discharge boundary conditions 流动流出变界条件Starting a New Project 开始一项新的计划Select “New Project” from the File Menu 从文件菜单中选择 “New Project”（新程序）6Entering Geometric Data 进入几何数据Draw the river as a schematic 画出示意性的河道Specify the cross section geometry 详细规定横截面几何Cross Sectional Geomet
11、ry截面几何Reach Lengths 流程的长度Manning Roughness Values 配备粗糙值Left/Right Bank Stations 左、右岸的位置Expansion/ContractionCoefficient Values 扩充/收缩系数值Cross Section Geometry 横截面几何7Flow Data 流程数据Perform the Analysis 执行分析8Output Results 输出结果_ Cross Section Graphical Plots 横截面图解_ Profile Graphical Plots 剖面图解_ 3D Persp
12、ective Graphical Plot 3维远观图解_ Rating Curve Graphical Plot 水位流量关系曲线图解_ Cross Section Output Tables 横截面输出表_ Profile Output Tables 剖面输出表_ Report Generator 报告程序编制器Cross Section Graphical Plot 横截图9Profile Graphical Plot 侧面图3D Perspective Graphical Plot 3维远观图410Rating Curve Graphical Plot水位流量关系曲线图Cross Se
13、ction Output Tables横截面输出表11Profile Output Tables侧面输出表Report Generator报告程序编制器12On-Line Help 在线帮助1314HEC-RAS Methodology 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的方法论HEC-2 & HEC-RAS 港口进入管制-2和随机存取存储器Program Development History 程序发展历史_ HEC-2 港口进入管制-2_ HEC-2 program developed in 1962 by Bill S. Eichert at Tulsa District of the USA
14、CE 1962年，由美国原子能委员会的Bill S. Eichert 在塔尔萨地区发展了港口进入管制-2程序。_ First public release in 1968 于1968年第一次正式发布_ PC version first released in 1984 于1984年第一次发布在网络上_ Last version 4.6.2 released in 1991 于1991年发布了最后的版本4.6.2_ HEC “Next Generation” Software Development 港口进入管制”下一代” 软件开发_ Development begins 1990 on RAS
15、, HMS, and other models 于1990年开始对随机存取存储器，英国政府公务和其他模式进行研发_ HEC-RAS Development History 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器发展历史_ First release in August of 1995 于1995年8月第一次发布_ Version 2.0 released in July of 1997 于1997年7 月发布2.0版本_ Version 2.2 released in July of 1999 于1999年7 月发布2.2版本_ Version 3.0 released in January of 20
16、01 于2001年1月发布3.0版本_ Version 3.1 released in January of 2003 于2003年1月发布3.1版本15HEC-RASThe Future and Other Considerations 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器有关远景和其他方面的考虑_ Importance of HEC-RAS 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的重要性_ Foundation for future hydraulic software 未来水力软件的创立 UNET Unsteady Flow Modeling UNET不稳定流量建模 Sediment Transport
17、Modeling (HEC-6) 沉淀物运输建模 More 更多_ Replacement of HEC-2 港口进入管制-2的取代_ CautionHowever! 但是需谨慎5_ HEC-RAS v3.0 computed WSELs are sometimes significantly higher than HEC-RAS v2.2 at bridges and culverts港口进入管制-随机存取存储器v3.0在桥梁和管道方面有时比港口进入管制-随机存取存储器v2.2估算WSELs的值更为准确_ You may want to reconsider which HEC-RAS v
18、ersion you want to use for your model results submittal 你可能需要根据模型提供的结果重新考虑使用哪个HEC-RAS版本Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS 常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题_ Will HEC-RAS really replace HEC-2? HEC-RAS真的能取代HEC-2吗？_ Yes, it really will. In fact it already has started to significantly replace HEC-2 for many applic
19、ations.是的，它会取代的。实际上它已经开始在很多应用方面取代了HEC-2_ HEC-RAS Microsoft Windows interface allows someone without any prior hydraulic engineering experience to now “submit an engineering study.”HEC-RAS微软Windows界面允许一些没有水力工程经验的人开始学习工程。_ HEC-2s card file interface seemed to keep unexperienced modelers out of this mo
20、deling arena.HEC-2的卡片目录似乎让那些没有应用过的模型脱离这个建模世界。16Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more) 常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）_ When will HEC-RAS replace HEC-2? HEC-RAS什么时候取代HEC-2_ Gradually, very few new studies will be started using HEC-2, although HEC-2 will continue to be used for years for some studies in
21、volving existing data sets.逐步的取代，虽然HEC-2将长年被用于包括现已存在的资料设置的一些研究，但是少数研究将会使用HEC-2。_ It perhaps makes economic sense to keep an existing model in HEC-2 rather than port it to HEC-RAS, since the results between the two models can be significantly different.也许保持HEC-2现有的模式会获得一些经济效益而不是转向HEC-RAS，因为两种模式可能会有很大
22、的区别。_ Perhaps run the model in both HEC-RAS and HEC-2, and submit the model results that are best for your client. 或许同时使用HEC-RAS 和 HEC-2并提交模式结果会让客户满意。6Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more) 常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）_ Does FEMA accept HEC-RAS for Flood Insurance Studies? FEMA能接受HEC-RAS 应用在水灾保险研究中
23、吗？_ Yes, HEC-RAS is accepted by FEMA for flood insurance studies.是的，HEC-RAS被FEMA接受应用在水灾保险研究中。_ Some submittal agencies prefer to see models submitted using HEC-2. 一些供销商倾向使用HEC-2的模式_ HEC-2 models tend to be easier to review since the input files use a “card file” format, and those experienced enough
24、to read these input files can see the modelers intent when they built the model.HEC-2模式往往更易检查从使用”卡片目录” 输入的资料，并且通过充分阅读这些输入资料看出当初建此模式的意图17Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more) 常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）_ Which model (ie., HEC-RAS or HEC-2) should you use? 应该使用哪种模式（如HEC-RAS 或是HEC-2）？_ The more tool
25、s (ie., engineering models) you have in your “toolbox”, the more adept you will be at modeling different situations.“工具箱”里的工具越多（如工程模式），越能熟练的画出不同情况下的模式_ HEC-2 is still a very accepted and well regarded model. HEC-2仍然被广泛接受和认同_ What is the purpose of your model? 模式的目的是什么？ If floodplain modeling, then c
26、onsider both HEC-2 and HEC-RAS and choose the lower WSEL rise, since this best benefits your client. 如果是漫滩模式，考虑HEC-2和HEC-RAS两种，并选择低点的WSEL高地，因为这是顾客最好的选择。 If bridge or culvert modeling, then the improved modeling capabilities of HEC-RAS makes more sense. 如果是桥梁或是管道形式，改进的HEC-RAS形式的性能更为有意义。 Be aware that
27、 there are differences in WSELs between different versions of HEC-RAS. 注意在不同的HEC-RAS 的不同版本中WSELs的区别。HEC-RAS Methodology HEC-RAS方法论_ One-dimensional analysis 一维空间的分析_ Standard-step method (steady flow analysis) 标准步骤的方法（稳定流量分析）_ Friction losses computed by Manning Formula 配置公式计算的摩擦力的损耗_ Expansion and
28、contraction losses computed using changes in velocity head 用速位差的变化估算膨胀与收缩损耗187HEC-RAS Limitations HEC-RAS的局限_ Deals with a single cross section at a time _ 每次处理一个横断面_ Leaves many decisions to the user _ 决定权留给使用者_ Open-channel conditions _ 明渠条件_ Steady or gradually varied flow _ 稳定或逐渐变化的流动_ Rigid bou
29、ndary conditions _ 泾渭分明的界限现状_ One-dimensional flow _ 一维空间的流量_ Does not consider lateral flow or vertical flow_ 不考虑横向流程或垂直的流动_ Does not explicitly account for bend losses _ 不明确地说明弯曲损失Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles 定态流程水表面侧面图_ One Dimensional Energy Equation _ 一维空间的能源方程式_ Friction losses computed
30、using Mannings equation，contraction/expansion losses computed by velocity head coefficient使用配置平衡估算摩擦损失，用速位差系数估算膨胀/收缩损失_ Momentum Equation 动力方程式_ Mixed flow regime calculations (hydraulic jumps) 混合的流程计算（水压的上涨）19Flow Types 流程类型_ Pressure Flow 回流_ Closed conduits 暗道_ Cross-section stays constant as flo
31、w rate changes 随着流率改变，横截面保持不变_ Open Channel Flow 明渠流_ Free to the air surface _ Cross-section changes with flow rate 随流率变化，横截面变化_ Flow Regimes 流域_ Subcritical 缓急的（近乎危急的）_ Supercritical 急流（超临界的）_ Mixed flow regimes 混合的流动方式Channel Geometry 河道概况图_ Channel System Geometry 河道系统几何图_ Single river reach 单一河
32、流流程_ Multiple river reaches 多重河流流程_ Prismatic Channel 棱镜河道_ Constant cross section shape 不变的横截面形状_ Straight alignment 平直的一系列河道_ Constant bed slope 不变的河底斜坡_ Natural Channel 自然的渠道_ Changing cross sectional shape 变化的横截面形状_ Meandering alignment 蜿蜒的一系列河道8_ Changing bed slope 变化的河底斜坡20Flow Classifications
33、 流程类型_ Classification By Time 依时间来分_ Steady Flow - Constant flow rate 稳定的流量-不变的流率_ Unsteady Flow - Changing flow rate 不稳定的流量-变化的流率_ Classification by Distance 依距离来分_ Uniform Flow - Normal depth 均衡流量-普通深度_ Non-Uniform - Gradually varied depth 不均衡流量-逐步变化的深度_ HEC-RAS SNET (Steady Network) HEC-RAS SNET（
34、固定的系统）_ Steady, Non-Uniform Flow 固定，不均衡流量_ HEC-RAS UNET (Unsteady Network) HEC-RAS SNET（不固定的系统）_ Unsteady, Non-Uniform Flow 不固定，均衡流量Flow Dimensions (Directions) 流动尺寸（方向）_ Longitudinal (downstream) direction considered in 1-D models 一维模式中考虑纵向的（下游）流程方向_ Lateral Flow Direction: Considered in 2-D models
35、 在二维模式中考虑横向流程方向_ RMA2 _ FESWMS_ Vertical Flow Direction: Considered in 3-D models 在三维模式中考虑垂直流程方向_ RMA10_ HEC-RAS_ One-Dimensional Model 一维空间模式_ Lateral Flow considered using Expansion and Contraction Coefficients 用膨胀和收缩系数考虑横向流动2122HEC-RASData Requirements 资料要求What is the one thing HEC-RAS computes?
36、HEC-RAS计算出了什么？23HEC-RAS Required Input Data HEC-RAS所需的输入资料_ Flow Regime: Subcritical, supercritical, or mixed flow 流动方式：近乎危急的，超临界的或是混合的流动_ Flow Rates: Discharge values 流率：流出值_ Starting Conditions: Water surface elevation or other method 起始条件：水面高度或是其他方法 9_ Cross Section Data: Geometry and reach lengt
37、hs 横截面数据：地形和河岸长度_ Loss Coefficients: Manning roughness expansion and contraction loss coefficients损失系数：人员，膨胀和收缩损失系数Starting Water Surface Conditions 起始水面的条件_ Boundary Condition Specification (choose one) 边界规定（选其一）_ Known water surface elevation 已知水面高度_ Compute critical depth 计算临界的深度_ Compute normal
38、depth given EGL slope 在EGL 斜坡基础上计算正常的深度_ Interpolate WSEL from provided rating curve 在水位流量关系曲线上插入WSEL_ Flow Regime (choose one) 水域（选其一）_ Subcritical 近乎危急的 Requires downstream boundary conditions 需要下游的边界条件_ Supercritical 超临界的 Requires upstream boundary conditions 需要上游的边界条件_ Mixed flow regime (subcrit
39、ical & supercritical) 混合的流动方式（近乎危急&超临界的） Requires both downstream and upstream boundary conditions 需要上游和下游的界限状况24Known Water Surface Elevation 已知水位_ USGS stream gage station USGS溪流估算位置_ Flow versus elevation 流动与海拔的比值_ Not available most of the time 大多数时间不确定Getting an Accurate Starting Water Surface
40、Elevation 得到精确的起始水位Move downstream of the area of interest and try several different starting WSELs. As the model (ie., HEC-RAS, HEC-2) backwaters upstream, the water surface profile will trend towards normal depth. By comparing different trial WSELs, a good assumption can bemade for the starting co
41、nditions WSEL.迁移下游有重要影响力的地区并尝试一些不同的起始WSEL。如模式（HECRAS，HEC2）在上游不起作用，水面剖面将倾向普通深度。通过对比不同的WSEL，可以推断出一个很好的假设。Normal Depth 普通深度Critical Depth 临界深度Actual Depth 实际深度Channel Bottom 河渠底部1 2 3 4Initial 初始的Downstream 下游的10Cross-Section 横截面Further 深层Downstream 下游的Cross-Section 横截面Trial Depth 试验深度25Multiple Profil
42、es Can Be Defined 可以界定多层侧面_ Computes up to 2000 profiles in single run一个单程最多估算2000个侧面_ Flow rates and some other data may change 流动速度和一些其他可能变化的数据Expansion and Contraction Loss Coefficients 膨胀和收缩损失系数Contraction Loss Coefficients 收缩损失系数No Transition Loss Computed 0.0 无转换损失计为0.0Gradual Transition 0.1 逐
43、步转换 0.1Bridges (or Culverts with Wing walls) 0.3 桥梁（或隧道）0.3Abrupt Transitions (and most Culverts) 0.6 陡然转换（大多数排水渠）0.6Expansion Loss Coefficients 膨胀损失系数No Transition Loss Computed 0.0 无转换损失0.0Gradual Transition 0.3 逐步转换0.3Bridges (or Culverts with Wingwalls) 0.5 桥梁（或隧道）0.5Abrupt Transitions (and most
44、 Culverts) 0.8 陡然转换（大多数管道）0.8Required at starting cross section and at following flow change locations 在起始横截面和下列流动变化位置被需要26Manning Roughness Coefficient Options 配置粗糙系数选项_ Three Roughness Subareas (commonly used) 三个粗糙分区 (普遍使用)_ Called NC Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NC记录_ Define left over
45、bank, right overbank, and channel roughness values 定义左边的河滩 ，右边的河滩和河道粗糙价值_ Multiple Roughness Subareas (sometimes used) 多重的粗糙分区 ( 有时使用)_ Called NH Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NH记录_ Horizontal roughness values vary by cross section horizontal stationing 根据水平横截面，水平粗糙值不断变化_ Allows more deta
46、iled roughness areas to be defined 允许定义更为详细的粗糙区域_ Up to 20 roughness subareas 最多达到 20个粗糙分区_ Vertical Roughness (rarely used) 垂直的粗糙 ( 很少使用)11_ Called NV Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NV记录_ Vary by WSEL elevation or flowrate 根据 WSEL 海拔或流量而改变_ Up to 20 entries can be defined 可以定义 20个条目_ Simi
47、lar to HEC-2 NV records 类似 HEC-2 NV 记录Three Roughness Sub-Areas 三个粗糙分区Station 位置Left Overbank 左边的河滩Roughness 粗糙Elevation 海拔Right Overbank 右边的河滩Roughness 粗糙Channel 河道Roughness 粗糙27Multiple Roughness Sub-Areas 多重的粗糙分区Station位置n4n5n6n7n3n2n1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Elevation 高度Multiple Roughness Sub-Areas 多重的粗糙分区
48、28Vertical Roughness 垂直_ Roughness changes with elevation or discharge 粗糙程度随高度或流出量改变Defining Cross Sections 定义横截面_ Orientation 方位_ Left to right, looking downstream 从左到右，俯瞰下游_ Increasing in river station (cross section ID) as you move upstream 12当移向上游时，增加河流位置（横截面ID）_ Spacing 间隔_ Depends upon charact
49、eristics of stream and purpose of study 取决于河流特征和研究目的_ Location 位置_ To define reaches of similar characteristics 定义相似特征的流程_ Number of cross sections 横截面数量_ Up to 400 cross sections allowed per river reach 每个河流流程最多允许400个横截面29A Little Bit of History 历史小述_ John Wesley Powell, a former army major who lost his right arm during the civil war at the Battle of Shiloh. John Wesley Powell，John Wesl
