1、英语语音,By Yanan DONG,What is syllable?,A syllable is a word part and the basic unit of English rhythm. English words can have one, two, three or even more syllables. In the word driveway, there are two syllables. In the sentence Drive him away, there are four.,A syllable consists of three parts: The o
2、nset, the peak formed be consonants or consonants cluster.,Eg: Sit /sit/ written /ritn/ a / /s/-onset /r/ -onset / -peak /i/-peak /i/ -peak /t/-coda /t/ -coda /n/-peak,Syllable & Stressed Syllable,What is a syllable? A word part and the basic unit of English rhythm What is a stressed syllable? ba NA
3、AAA na Syllable 1 Syllable 2 Syllable 3 (short) (long) (short),What is stress?,In English words with more than one syllable, one of them will receive more stress than the others. Stressed syllables are those that are marked in the dictionary as stressed. For example, in the word driveway, the first
4、syllable is a stressed syllable while the second syllable is not. Stressed syllables in English are usually longer, louder, and higher in pitch.,Stressed Syllables & Unstressed Syllables,Stressed syllables are strong syllables. Unstressed syllables are weak syllables.Stressed syllables: are long hav
5、e a pitch change have full vowel sounds.Unstressed syllables: are short often have a reduced vowel sound.,English Consonants,1. Stops/Plosives - English has six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure - p, t, k, b, d, g. 2
6、. Fricatives - English has nine fricatives - weak or strong friction noises produced when the articulators are close enough together to cause turbulence in the airflow. 3. Affricates - English has two affricates - plosives released with frication - “church“ and “judge“. 4. Nasals - English has three
7、 nasals in which the airflow is blocked completely at some point in the oral tract, but in which the lowering of the velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass through the nose. 5. Approximants - English has four approximants - the w in “won“, the l in “like“, the r in “red“, and the y in “yes.“ In
8、these phonemes, there is more constriction in the vocal tract than for the vowels, but less than the other consonant categories below.,Stops: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/,The stop consonants are made by completely stopping the airflow at some point in the mouth and then, for most productions, releasing i
9、t into the sound that follows. There are six stops in English: /p/ and /b/ are formed by the lips, /t/ and /d/ are made on the gum ridge behind the upper teeth, and /k/ and /g/ occur at the back of the mouth where the tongue makes a weal with the soft palate. /p/, /t/, /k/ are voiceless stops as the
10、y are not accompanied by vibration from the larynx, while /b/, /d/, /g/ are the voiced stops. These stops are among the most frequent sounds in English and have fairly consistent spellings.,/p/ /b/,You pronounce the /p/ and /b/ by stopping the airstream with you lips, building up pressure and sudden
11、ly releasing the air. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,/p/ /b/,Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper prepared by his parents and put them in a big paper plate. The blue bluebird blinks. Betty and Bob brought ba
12、ck blue balloons from the big bazaar.,/t/ /d/,The /t/ sound is one of the most frequent in English and occurs in all three positions at the word level. It has many variations and is a very interesting and productive sound in the language. /d/ is not as frequent in English nor does it have the number
13、 of varieties that /t/ has. You pronounce them by blocking the airstream with the tongue and upper gum ridge, building up air pressure and suddenly releasing it.,/t/ /d/,The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel. Tim, the thin twin tinsmith. Diligence dismisses despondency. Double bubble gum
14、bubbles double.,/k/ /g/,You produce /k/ and /g/ by blocking the breath-stream with the back of the tongue and soft palate, building up the pressure, and suddenly releasing it. The “hard-c“, as in cat, and the letter “k“ account for most of the spellings of /k/, but there is also a silent-k in words
15、such as know and knight. The spelling of /g/ is consistent in English, although there is a silent version in words such as gnash and gnat. Both /k/ and /g/ can occur at the beginning, middle, and end of words in English.,/k/ /g/,The cat catchers cant catch caught cats. Knife and a fork, bottle and a
16、 cork, that is the way you spell New York. Give me the gift of a grip top sock: a drip-drape, ship-shape, tip-top sock. Three gray geese in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese and green was the grass. Gerties great-grandma grew aghast at Gerties grammar.,Voiceless stops At the beginning: st
17、rong releasing (送气); pat At the end: very weak; lapVoiced stops At the beginning: vibration before releasing; bed At the end: very weak; robe,neat & need: which /i:/ is longer?,The vowel in front of a voiced consonant is longer than the one in front of a voiceless consonant.,Allophonic variations (音
18、位变位),/p/ /t/ /k/ 在 /s/ 后形成辅音连缀时，发音时不送气 Spot, stop, sky,/b/ /d/ /g/ 当和 /l/ 连缀时，称为舌侧爆破音 Padlock, clock, glad /t/ /d/ 当处于辅音组合 /tr/ /dr/ 时，发音兼爆破和摩擦的特征 Train, drain,/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/当位于词尾，后接辅音时，不完全爆破Top tea, sit still, take three, rob the man, Dad said so, lag behind,/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/当两个相同的爆破
19、音相连时，只需要发一次爆破音，并延长发音时间Stop Pete, let Tim, take Kim, rob Bob, sad Dave, big grapes,/b/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/当后面紧跟的是鼻音时，爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔 Stop him, rob him, button, bread n butter, beacon, pig and goat,/k/ /g/当后接前元音或圆唇音时，发音部位会前移或成圆唇Keen, geese, quarter, goose,/t/ 当处于两个元音之间时，听起来像闪音: letter 当位于成音节 /n/ 或 /l/ 前时，
20、成了声门爆破音: little /k/ 当位于成音节 /n/ 或 /l/ 前时，成了声门爆破音: bacon,Fricatives: /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / /h/,What are fricatives? Fricatives are made by partially blocking the airflow, thus causing the friction-like noise characteristic of these sounds.,/f/ and /v/,/f/ and /v/ are labio-dental sounds. /f/ is voicel
21、ess and /v/ is voiced. They are fricative sounds that you produce by forcing the breathstream between you upper teeth and lower lip. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words. /f/ is not a problem sound for most of the students but /v/ may sometimes cause problems. It may substitute
22、 for another bilabial such as /w/, or a bilabial /b/ may be substituted for /v/. There is also a tendency to devoice /v/, especially at the ends of words.,/f/,Farm deaf Photo affair Free soft Dont always follow the fashion. Fortune favors the brave.,/v/,/v/ and /w/ Leave novel Love very Avoid eleven
23、 I like very wet weather very much.,/ & /,/ and / / are interdental sounds. They are fricatives that you produce by squeezing the breathstream between your tongue and teeth. / is voiceless and / / is voiced. These sounds tend to appear relatively late in the speech of children and cause considerable
24、 stress for both native and non-native speakers of English. Although the spelling seems to be highly consistent in English, the fact is that the “th“ combination is used for both / and / /. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,The following steps are useful in the pronunciatio
25、n drill for these two consonants: Look in a mirror and say the / sound. Make sure you can see the edge of your tongue protruding between your teeth. Say / again. Say the / sound over and over again. Dont move your tongue between sounds. Try the following: / / / / thin / / / / thanks / / / / thought
26、The same method can be applied to the practice of / sound,/ & /,Thanks a lot! Wish you both health and wealth. There is something. This is smoother than that. They will stick together through thick and thin.,th,/：author, third, south, thumb, truth, cloth / /: rather, brother, mother, there, bathe,/s
27、/ and /z/,/s/ and /z/ are alveolar sounds. They are fricatives that you produce by forcing air between your tongue and the upper or lower front teeth. /s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced. /s/ is one of the most useful sounds in English because it has an important grammatical function in forming posse
28、ssives (Kates), third person singular, present tense verbs (sits), and plurals (seats). Although /z/ is not as frequent in English speech as /s/, it performs similar grammatical functions in marking possessive (Susans), third person singular, present tense verbs (runs), and plurals (dogs). Both /s/
29、and /z/ have been ranked as the most troublesome sounds in English, but it is rarely a serious problem for the Chinese EFL learners once their grammatical roles are mastered. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,Six realize Past eraser A still tongue makes a wise head. Speak l
30、ess and listen more. She sells sea shells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, Im sure she sells seashore shells.,/ & /,/ and / are lingua-palatal fricatives. You produce them very much like the /s/ and /z/, except the tongue is farther
31、 back and the lips are rounded. / is voiceless and / is voiced. / is not a particularly common sound in English or the languages of the world, but can be learned quite easily. / is the least frequent of the consonants in English and is not common in the worlds language. / can be used in initial, med
32、ial, and final positions in words, but / is not found in word-initial position in English words.,With / and /, lip rounding is very important. For example, you can get / by making /s/ first, then move the tongue body a little backward, then say it again with rounded lips.,/ & /,Measure for measure.
33、Oh, dont mention it. She likes to go window-shopping during leisure time. The shirts sold in this shop will shrink after you wash them.,/h/,/h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative. It is simply a stream of air from the larynx directed through the open mouth. It is not found in word-final position in En
34、glish words. /h/ is not generally a problem sound, but some learners may use a voiceless velar fricative , as a substitution, which sounds more like a Chinese (h) in the pronunciation of 喝 (h) meaning “to drink“.,/h/,Health is wealth It might help. Hook Hedge/hw/ 美国东部口音when, where, what, why, whenev
35、er, wherever, whatever,/ t / and / d /,/ t / and / d / are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath-stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. The term affricate means “blend“, in this case, consisting of a stop and a fricative. The / t / is a blend co
36、mbined of t and : it starts out as a t stop and then the tongue moves into the position for /. The / d / is a blend of d and : it starts out as a d and then the tongue moves into the usual position for . Both / t / and / d / can occur in initial, medial, and final positions in words.,/t / and /d / a
37、re fairly easy to perceive at normal conversational levels. The overall strength of production is important for /t / because weakening leads to a substitution./d / is less tense than /t /, but it is still made with considerable strength. Weakening may lead to a substitution. Lip rounding will help t
38、o stabilize the sound.,Branch bridge Pitch cabbage Search garbage Cheer！ Cheese! Excuse me, I didnt catch you.,英语绕口令 Tongue twisters,Flee from fog to fight flu fast. I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasnt the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the
39、thought I thought, I wouldnt have thought so much. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood.Never trouble about trouble until trouble troubles you!
40、,Nothing is worth thousands of deaths. She sells sea shells on the seashore. The seashells she sells are seashells she is sure. Shut up the shutters and sit in the shop. The driver was drunk and drove the doctors car directly into the deep ditch. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you
41、wish the wish the witch wishes, I wont wish the wish you wish to wish. If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?,Nasals, Approximants & Lateral(s),Like the stops, the nasals are all made by closing the vocal tract at some point in the mouth. Unlike the stops or any
42、 other sounds in the language, there is an opening into the nasal cavity in the pronunciation so that the sound can be resonated through the nose. The nasal consonants are /m/, /n/, and / /. /w/, /r/, and /j/ are called approximants because it is an articulation in which the articulators approach ea
43、ch other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a “complete“ consonant such as a stop, nasal or fricative. /l/ is called a “lateral“ because during its pronunciation, the passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along the centre of the tongue.,Introduction 1-
44、Nasals,Nasals-/m/, /n/, / They are made by closing the vocal tract at some point in the mouth. There is an opening into the nasal cavity so that the sound can be resonated through the nose.,/m/,Much will have more. Many men, many minds. Mom Sam Ham Some Seem Thumb,/n/,No sooner said than done. I nee
45、d another nice name. Night Name Nine Sin Win Thin Sun skin,/,The thing is rather thin, but I prefer thin things. Remember to bring the ring to the wedding. Whats happening to Mr. King? Sing Ring Hang Link Slang long,Introduction 2-Approximants,Approximants-/w/, /r/, /j/ The articulators approach eac
46、h other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a “complete” consonant Also called semi-vowels,/w/,Quite Twin We Walk Willow No way. Will you go for a walk in the woods with me? Where there is a will, there is a way. I am wondering what you really want.,/j/,Not yet.Help yourself.T
47、he young teacher is very popular with his students.Have you heard the news that the New York Yankees won the first place?,/r/,Facts speak louder than words. Its a rare opportunity. Do in Rome as Romans do.,Run Rain Right Rhythm Risk,Hair Her Poor Wrong Bark,Introduction 3-Lateral,Lateral-/l/ The pas
48、sage of the air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along the center of the tongue.,/l/,Love me, love my dog. Like father, like son. Alls well that ends well. Its never too late to learn. Bill will pay the bill for the meal.,Tips of /l/,Clear /l/-before a vowel,Let Light Lamp Love,Dark /l
49、/-before a consonant, or in a final position,Bill Call Pool Bull Ball,Walk Talk Told Help,Million Dollar Filling,/l/-/r/ ，/r/和 ri (日)对比 练习:/liru/&/luri/ rural, lull, really, leery,Practice,Listen to the local yokel yodel. Moose noshing much mush. Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely. Real weird rear wheels. Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry. While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washingtons windows with warm washing water.,
