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类型初二上英语(新目标)各单元知识点总结.doc

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    1、1U1 where did you go on vacation?1.短语:decide to do决定decide on/uponfeel like2.语法:一般过去时口诀:过去式之歌 过去式构成有方法,一般词尾加 ed。 如果词尾有个 e,直接加 d就可以。 辅音字母 y在尾,变 y为 i加 ed。 “一辅重闭”作尾巴,双写之后 ed加。 标准过去式加 ed,少量不规则分别记。 am和 is对 was,are 要变 were没问题。 have和 has用 had,do 和 does变 did。一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:last yea

    2、r, yesterday 等;也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和 often, always等频率副词连用。 1.一般过去时的形式: 动词 be: 第一人称单数和第三人称单数用 was, 其余的人称一律用 were。 动词 have: 一律用 had, 没有人称和数的变化。 行为动词:一律用过去式,没有人称和数的变化,行为动词的过去式有两类,一类是规则动词,另一类是不规则动词。3. 复合不定代词something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everyb

    3、ody, everyone 等。(1)它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。(2)something, someone 等和 anything, anyone 等的区别与 some 和 any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几个语法特点: 特点 1 其定语修饰语的位置:复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面。如: There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。Have you seen anyone anybody famous? 你见过名人吗? 特点 2 复合不定代词与

    4、指示代词:指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如: If anybody comes, ask him them to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they。如: Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切都准备好了,是吗? 2特点 3 其后是否接 of短语:anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其

    5、后一般不接 of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用any one, every one (分开写)。如: any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)4.enough 形容词副词前,to do 后5. few, a few, little, a little 虽然都表示“少” ,但 (1)few, a few 是可数的, little, a little 是不可数的。 (2)a few, a little 含肯定意味,few, little 含否定意味

    6、。这里所谓的“肯定意味”和“否定意味”应该这样来理解:同样是半杯水,口渴者会认为:There is little water in the glass. 而不口渴的人则会认为:There is a little water in the glass.6. because 是连词,其后接句子;because of 是复合介词,其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等Unit2 How often do you exercise?一、本单元短语总结1.hardly ever 几乎从不,很少 2.how often 多久一次3.twice a week 一周两次 4.the result of的结

    7、果5.as for 至于,关于 6.want sb to do sth 想要某人做某事7. be good for对有益 8.kind of 有点儿,有几分9. try to do sth尽力去做某事 10.look after 照看,照顾11. the same as同一样 12.on weekends 在周末13.go to the movies 去看电影 14.play soccer 踢足球15.help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 a lot of 许多,大量17.keep in good health 保持身体健康二、重点知识详解1.how often 多久一次,询

    8、问动作的频率,答语 always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never等,“多久几次”答语 every day, once a month, twice a week, three times a week等等。how long 多长,提问一段时间或者物体的长度;hour、minute;cmhow soon 多久以后,提问“in+一段时间” ;in five dayshow far 多远 用来提问路程;kmhow many 多少,用来提问可数名词数量;how much 多少 用来提问不可数名词的数量或价格等。2. Here are the

    9、 results of the activity survey of Green High School.本句为倒装句here, there, out, in, up, down等副词开头并起强调作用时,可采用倒装结构,将副词置于句首,主谓语交换位置就好。其中主语须为名词,谓语的单复数形式由名词的数来决定。3结构:Here+谓语+主语Here comes a bus. Here are some apples.当主语为代词时,不需要倒装,即谓语动词仍放在主语之后。Here you are.Here it is.3.most 的用法:(1)most 作形容词直接用于名词前作定语,意为“大多数的,

    10、大部分的” 。Most students like watching TV.(2)most 作代词常与 of连用构成“most of the+名词”或“most of +代词宾格” ,意为“大部分,大多数” 。其中 of后可接可数名词复数形式,也可接不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词要和of后的名词保持一致。Most of the apples are red.Most of us dont like him, because he is too lazy.4.be good for对有好处,对有益be bad for对有害处be good at 擅长,善于做do well in be good t

    11、o 对友好(和善,慈爱)be friendly to =be kind to 5.be/keep in good/poor/bad health身体好/不好6.have a habit of有一个的习惯7.try to do sth 尽力去做某事,努力做某事try doing sth 尝试,试着做某事try ones best to do sth 尽某人最大努力去做某事try on 试穿 have a try 试一试,试试(try 为名词)8.look after =take care of 照看,照顾look afterwell=take good care of照顾的好9.help sb

    12、do (to) do sthhelp sb with sth 帮助某人做某事10.be the same as+n/pron/v-ing 和一样,与相同be different from 与不同 11.kind of =a bit=a little有点儿,有几分. +形容词和副词,表程度。12.although=though ,是连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管” 。在英语里如果用了 although 或者 though,就不能用 but , 但可以用 yet 或still.。although 和 though 意思相同,用法也基本一样。但是在让步状语从句中,though的位置比较灵活

    13、,although 则一般用于句首。另外,在短语 even though(即使)和 as though(仿佛,似乎)中不能换用 although。Although he was ill, he (still) worked hard.三、语法归纳一般现在时1.构成:主语+动词+(宾语)(1)一般现在时中,be 动词有三种形式,am, is, are。be动词:第一人称单数之后用 am, 第二人称及复数人称后用 are,第三人称单4数后用 is。(2)一般现在时中,谓语动词为实义动词时,一般用动词原形,当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。(3)一般现在时中,谓语动词若是情态动词

    14、,则没有人称和数的变化。2.动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则:(1)一般情况下,在动词后直接加 s,如 likes, runs, works, learns, drinks, 等等。(2)以字母 s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词,后加 es.如 watches, fixes, teaches等等。(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词把“y”变成“i”再加 es. 如 studies, tries。若以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词则直接加 s.如 plays, stays。3.一般现在时的意义和用法:(1)表示经常性,习惯性或反复发生的动作。常与 always, usually, often,

    15、 sometimes, hardly ever, never, in the morning, twice a month等表示频率的时间状语连用。We often go to school by bus.(2)表示目前存在的状态或客观事实。My mother is a teacher.The earth travels around the sun.(3)表示某人的爱好,习惯,性格,能力等。I like reading.U3 Im more outgoing than my sister+U4 whats the best movie theater?固定搭配 have fun (in)do

    16、ing 做某事有乐趣have a good timeenjoy oneselfmake sb do让某人做be|get close to接近think over仔细考虑of想出about考虑、关心be up to 由。 。 。决定(一)形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成:51. 单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化:规则 原级 比较级 最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/est tall taller tallest2.词尾是 e,只加-r/stnice nicer nicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的,把 y变 i再加-er/esthappy happier happiest4.重读闭音

    17、节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加-er/estthin thinner thinnest2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautifulmore beautiful(the) most beautiful3. 由形容词加 ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quicklymore quickly(the) most quicklydifficultlymore difficultly(the) most difficultly4. 不规则变化:good/well better bestbad/badly worse

    18、worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest(二)形容词比较级和最高级的用法:1. 原级的用法:用于两者之间对比,意思为“和相同”A+v.+as.+形容词原级+as B6Tom is as honest as Jack.Her skin is as white as snow.My dog is as old as that one.He is not as (=so) tall as I.The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weat

    19、her in Harbin.2. 比较级的用法:1)A+形容词比较级+than+ BSusan is happier than Jane.His brother is younger than me.Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka.形容词比较级前还可以用 much, even, still, a little,far, a lot, a bit, much more来修饰。Very, so, too, quite 不能修饰比较级。2)数字+形容词比较级+thanIm two years older than you.She is a head tall

    20、er than me.3)比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越”The earth is getting warmer and warmer.China becomes more and more stronger.4)the +比较级,the +比较级结构,表示“越就越”The more I study it, the more I like it.5)which/who +is +比较级Which city is bigger, Beijing or Tianjin?Who is happier, you or me?3. 最高级用法:用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加 the,最

    21、高级前有物主代词,序数词和名词所有格时,不加定冠词,后面跟带 in或 of表范围的短语。1)one of the +最高级Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.7Most people like apples.Most of the boys are good.It is our nearest neighbor in space.2)最高级意义的表达方法:例句最高级 She is the best in her class.

    22、 比较级 She is better than any other student in her class.No other student in her class is better than she.原级 No other student in her class is as good as she.(三)副词比较级和最高级的用法:1. 原级主要的句型:1)as+副词原级+asTom runs as fast as Jones.not as/so+副词原级+asHe didnt come as/so early as Li Lei.2)too+副词原级+to do sth.Jean r

    23、ides too slowly to catch up with me.3)so +副词原级+ thatJean rides so slowly that she cant catch up with me.4)副词原级+enough to do sth.Jean doesnt ride fast enough to catch up with me.2. 比较级的用法:1)比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词来代替后面的动词,该动词或助动词可以省略。Lily run faster than Mary(did).2)比较级+and +比较级The days are getti

    24、ng longer and longer in summer.3)the morethe moreThe harder you work, the better you will learn.3. 最高级的用法:8副词最高级前一般有 the,也可省略。He works (the) hardest of all the students in the class.U5 Do you want to watch a game show? think of find out game show go on one of try ones best as famous as have a discus

    25、sion about such as dress up do a good job interesting information learn from talk show soap opera watch a movie a pair of look like around the world one day a symbol of take sb.s placesomething enjoyable重点搭配:How about+ 名词、代词、Ving 怎么样?=What aboutexcept+to do 期望做mind +n./ding 介意做stand +n./doing忍受try o

    26、nes best to do 尽力做happen:发生、出现 sth. + happen+地点、时间 某地、某时发生sth. + happen+to +sb. 某人出了某事Sb. + happen+to do 某人碰巧做某事It+ happens/happened+that 碰巧发生某事be famous for 因而出名be famous as 作为而出名III.Grammar-Infinitive used as object不定式 want, hope, decide, agree, choose, plan, fail, would like+ to do know, ask, sho

    27、w, teach, think, guess, understand, find out + what,how.+to do like, love, begin, start + to do/ doing find, think, feel + it + adj.+ to do stop, forget, remember, try + to do/ doingUnit 6 Im going to study computer science.I.短语 grow up be sure about 9 make sure sendto the meaning of in common write

    28、 down take up tooto every day be able to different kinds of at the beginning of have to do with hardly ever practice doing finish doingII.Grammar-the usage of be going to表示一般将来时 (见 U7) definition adverbials time or adverbial clause of time时间状语从句 the changes of be be的变化 followed by the original forms

    29、 of verbs后跟动词原形 difference between be going to and willUnit 7 Will people have robots?I.短语 on computers on paper on the earth live to be in danger play a part in sth. look for in the future the sameas get bored look like space station computer programmer hundreds of over and over again wake up fall

    30、down have to do agree with sb. make sb. do sth. help sb. with sth. over and over againII.Grammar-一般将来时时间状语 1tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening2)next year/week/month/hour/day/century 3)in+一段时间 4)in the future, this afternoon/Sunday/evening, from now on, one day,somed

    31、ay (未来的)某天 soon 基本结构 1、will / shall + 动词原形(否定句在 will/shall后加 not) 表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,will 用于各种人称;shall 只用于第一人称。 2、be going to+动词原形 be going to (其中 be有人称和数的变化),用来表示将要发生的动作以及计划、10安排和打算要做的事。 3、There will be There is/are going to be There wont be There isnt/arent going to be Will there be? Yes, there

    32、 will.No, there wont.Is/Are there going to be?Yes, there is/are going to beNo, there isnt/arent going to beUnit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?I.短语 milk shake turn on pourinto a cup of yogurt a good idea on Saturday cut up put into. one more thing a piece of at this time a few fillwith cover

    33、with one by one a long timeII.可数名词与不可数名词1)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:book books room rooms house houses day days 2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:bus buses glass glasses watch watches dish dishes box boxes 3. 以“辅音字母+y“结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-e

    34、s。如:city cities body bodies factory factories等等。 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:half halves leaf leaves knife knives wife wives 5. 特例 悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。 child children man men woman women policeman policemen (规律:man men) tomato tomatoes potato potatoes 悄悄话: 初中英语以 o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s 喽!如:pho

    35、to photos foot feet tooth teeth 悄悄话: oo 变成 ee。 11 sheep, Chinese, Japanese 单、复数同形 悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。 people 单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people 的复数形式 peoples通常指“多个民族” 。2)不可数名词:是不能用数字计算的名词,例snow water bread chalk weather hope advice 等等。 (1) 前面不能用 a/an 不能加数词 如:one two 等。 (2) 无得数形式。用 how much 提问。例How much meat is

    36、there in the basket.蓝子里有多少肉。 (3) 有些情况下,不可数名词可用 of 短语来表达数量,如: 量的表达法 1、表示容器的名词+of a cup of tea three bottles of milk 2、表示单位的名词+of a piece of paper two slices of breadUnit 9 Can you come to my party知识总结与归纳:重点词组1. study for a test 为考试做准备2. go to the doctor 去看医生3. have a lesson 有(上)课4. go to the lesson 去

    37、上课点拨 lesson 意为“课;课程” ,常用 have a lesson 表示“有(上)课” ,还可用 go to a lesson 表示“去上 课” 。如:Lets go to a swimming lesson this summer vacation.拓展 give sb. a lesson 表示 “ 给某人上一课” ,而 teach sb. a lesson表示“给某人一次教训” 。.5. go to the concert 去听音乐会6. the day after tomorrow 后天7. have training 有训练8. thanks a lot 非常感谢(你)9.

    38、on weekdays 在工作日(非周末休息日)10. the whole day 一整天11. come over 顺便来访“come over to 地点” 表示“ 顺便到访某处” 。重点句型1. Can you come to my party on Wednesday?星期三你能来参加我的聚会吗?12Sure, Id love to. 可以,我很愿意去。Sorry, I cant. I have to 对不起,我不能去。我必须点拨 can 是情态动词,Can you? 是熟人和朋友之间常用的表示邀请或请求的句型。同意接受时,常用 Sure, Id love to. / Certainl

    39、y. / Of course. 等回答(Id love to 是 I would love to 的缩写形式,相当于 Id like to) 。若表示拒绝,一般不直接说 No,而应说(Im)Sorry, I cant. 以示礼貌,然后说明理由;也可用 Id love / like to, but 委婉地说明不能接受的原因并表示歉意。2. Maybe another time. 也许下一次吧。点拨 another 表示“ 另一个,又一个” ,可作代词或形容词,指三者(或以上)中的或不确定数量中的另一个,后面通常跟单数名词或代词 one。链接 “the other( 单数名词或 one) ” 指两

    40、者中的另一个,是特指。如:My uncle has twochildren. One is a son, and the other is a daughter.练习选词填空:Can I have (other / another)apple, please?3. Whats today? 今天是什么时间?Its Monday the 16th. 今天是十六号,星期一。点拨 提问星期和日期,通常用句型 Whats today? 如:Whats today? Its Sunday the 1st.拓展 询问星期,用 What day is(it)today?如:What day is(it)to

    41、day? Today / It is Sunday. 询问几月几号,则用 Whats the date today?如:Whats the date today? Its May 5th.4. Thank you for doing 谢谢。5.look after=take care of 照顾6. must与 have to的区别 区别 1:must 多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事,多译为“必须” ,have to多表示客观存在的环境所限,即客观要求(无奈)而为之,多译为“不得不干某事”7. so that引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便;为了” ,so形容词或副词that

    42、 .引导的肯定的结果状语从句,意思是“如此以致于”(四)写作:今天,Tom 收到了好朋友 Betty的一封电子邮件,Betty 邀请他明天去参加她的生日聚会。请根据下面的提示,帮 Tom写一封电子邮件给 Betty。1. 谢谢她的邀请。2. 很抱歉,不能去。 133. 母亲病了,得呆在家里照顾母亲。 4. 向她说声“生日快乐” 。词数:不少于 60词。参考例文:Hi Betty,Thank you very much for your invitation. Im sorry I cant go to your birthday party. My mother is ill. She has

    43、 a bad headache and the doctor asks her to stay in bed for a few days. I have to stay at home and look after her. Im really sorry. Im visiting you after my mother feels better. Here I say “Happy birthday!” to you. Yours,TomUnit10 If you go to the party,youll have a great time!1. have a great time=ha

    44、ve a good time=have fun =enjoy oneself1、过得高兴;玩得愉快2. let sb in / out 让某人进去/出来3. take sth away 把某物拿走4. bring、take5. ask sb to leave 叫某人离开6. travel around the world 环游世界7. go to college 上大学8. make /earn /get (a lot of/much) money挣(许多)钱9. get an education接受教育10. seem like a dream job 好像是一份理想的工作11. compl

    45、ain sb about (doing) sth因(做)某事而抱怨某人12. travel a lot/much大量旅行13. 祈使句+and/then/or + 一般将来时的陈述句=if 从句+主句 Work hard, and youll pass the exam. = If you work hard, you will pass the exam.努力学习,你考试会及格的。=如果你努力学习,你考试会及格的。 Get up early, or you will be late. =If you dont get up early, you will be late.早点起床,否则你会迟

    46、到的。=如果你不早点起床,你会迟到的。14tooadj./adv.to do tooadj./adv.to do 15 advice n. 劝告 some advice 一点意见 a piece of advice 一条意见 give advice 提出忠告 14take ones advice 接受忠告16.advise + sb. + to do 17.sometimes sometime some time some times 的区别 1)sometimes 是个频度副词,意为“有时候”,多用于一般现在时,对它进行提问常用 how often。 2)sometime 也是一个副词,意为

    47、“在某一时候(过去或将来)”,表示的是任何时候或某一不确定的时间,对它提问用 when。 3)some times 是名词短语,意为“几次(倍)”, time是可数名词。对它提问用 how many times。 4)some time 也是名词短语,意为“一段时间”, time是不可数名词,对它提问用 how long。 18. at last/ in the end/ finally 19.if 引导的条件状语从句。If 是连词,所连接的句子 叫条件状语 从句,表示假设或条件,意思是 “ 如果的话” ,用法如下:1、表示假设,表示将会发生和可能发生的事,或进行提醒警告。句子结构如下:If

    48、+句子(一般现在时) ,+主句(主语 will/may/can) +动词)a. If you finish your homework , you can go out and play.b. If I have enough money next year , I will go to travel .2. 表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定义 . 民 间谚语等,句型是:If + 句子 (一般现在时 ) ,+ 主句 ( 一般现在时).例: If you study hard ,you are sure to succeed . If you put ice in a warm place ,it turns into water .If a glass falls on the floor, it usually breaks If you cook a banana, it becomes very soft .If a plant dont get enough light ,it grows very tall and thin.

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