1、Lecture 16 Subjunctive MoodTeaching Aims(1) To understand the definition of mood and classification of mood(2) To grasp the use of subjunctive moodTeaching Process(1) Definition and classification of mood(2) Use of subjunctive mooda. subjunctive mood used in if conditionalsb. subjunctive mood used i
2、n that clause c. subjunctive mood used in special patterns1. Definition of moodDifferent speaker may express different purpose. When he expresses different purposes, he may use different moods of expressions.2. Classification of moods2.1 Indicative mood: expressing statements or facts.e.g. We are al
3、l students.China is in Asia.2.2 Imperative mood: putting forward demands or orders.e.g. Please be careful.Dont smoke here.2.3 Subjunctive mood: Definition: expressing subjective wishes or hypothetical and non-factual meaning3. Classification of subjunctive mood3.1 Be- subjunctive mood1) be is used i
4、n “that clause” containing the meaning of order, decision, suggestion.a) used in “that clause” after the verbs: decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, voteb) used in “that clause” after the adjectives: advisable, appropriate, desirable, es
5、sential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, properc) used in “that clause” after the nouns: decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution2) be is used in “that clause” introduced by “if, though”be- subjunctive mood can be used in that clause in
6、troduced by “if, though, whatever, lest, so long as”, such sentences have the meaning of “speculation, concession, or precaution” 3) be is used in some formula sentence patterns to express “wish, curse, or prohibition”e.g. Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you!Heaven for
7、bid!Devil take him!1So be it!Suffice it to say thatFar be it from me to spoil the fun.He will remain here if need be.Home is home, be it ever so homely.3.2 were- Subjunctive mood1) used in some adverbial clauseused in conditional or concessive adverbial clause introduced by “if, if only, as though,
8、though”2) used in some noun clauseused in the clause introduced by “wish, would rather, suppose, imagine4. The use of subjunctive mood4.1 subjunctive mood used in if-conditionalA conditional sentence (or “conditional” for short) is commonly composed part: conditional clause + main clause. Despite th
9、e many possible sequences of verb forms in conditionals, the following four types represent perhaps the commonest and the most useful ones:If you heat ice, it melts.If we catch the 10 oclock train, we will get there by lunch-time.If we caught the 10 oclock train, we would get there by lunch time.If
10、we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by lunch-time.1) Real conditional A. The first one called “whenever-type” in that “if” here is used in the sense of “whenever”. It can be used to denote the following meanings:a. Universal truth or general validityStatements of this type com
11、monly appear in factual discussions and scientific or technical material. The sequence of verb forms is as follows:If simple present + main simple presentE.g. If you pour oil on water, it floats.b. present habitual actionTo denote present habitual action, it takes the same pattern.If simple present
12、+ main simple presentE.g. If it rains, I go to work by car.c. past habitual actionTo denote past habitual action, the simple past is used in both the conditional and the main clause.If simple past + main simple past.E.g. If I made a promise, I kept it.B. The second falls into three forms: basic form
13、, variant form, and alternative form.Basic forms:a) (if) simple present + (mian) will, etc + infinitiveIf it is fine tomorrow, we can have a picnic somewhere.(if) simple present + (main) imperativeIf you wake up before me, give me a call.Variant forms:a) (if) should + infinitive + (main) will, would
14、, etc + infinitiveIf he should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything.b) (if)will + infinitive + (main) will, would, etc + infinitiveIf you would read more carefully, you would understand what the author means.Alternative formsa) imperative + and-clauseSet your alarm clock, and you wont overslee
15、p.b) imperative + or-clause.Set your alarm clock, or (else) you ll oversleep.What we have enumerate above only represent the commonest types of real conditionals, which are actually too variegated to be exhausted in a few patterns. As a matter of fact, there are far more possible sequences of verb f
16、orms for real conditionals. So long as they do not make unreal conditionals, almost all sequences of verb forms are possible. Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned types, we can also say, for example:If he has finished his work, we shall be able to take him with us.If youve been traveling all nig
17、ht, you probably need a rest.Lecture 17 focused on “have”; focused on “seem”can be transformed into “itthat” cannot transformedbe about to be certain tobe able to be (un)likely tobe apt to appear tobe bound to chance tobe due to happen tobe going to seem tobe liable to turn out tobe obliged to be su
18、pposed tobe sure tobe tobe willing tohad better/besthave tohave got tocome tofail toget totend to2) semi-auxiliary and “itthat” structureLecture 19 otherwise, it is an infinitive sign. Following is a summary of the collocations in which the item to is a preposition, not an infinitive sign.1) verb +
19、preposition toadd to, agree to, amount to, attend to and etc.2) verb + noun/pron. + prep. toapplyto, accustom to, confineto, devoteto, etc.3) verb + -ed particple + prep. tobe accustomed to, be used to, be devoted to,etc. 4) verb + adverb particle + prep. tolook forward to, face up to, get down to,
20、etc.5) adjective +prep. toequal to, loyal to, similar to, etc.6) noun + prep. tolimit to, aid to, objection to, key to, etc.7) complex prepositions ending in to.Owing to, thanks to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, in addition to, etc.3. Changes in tenses and aspects and voicestenses and aspec
21、ts active voice passive voicesimple (to) do to be doneprogressive (to) be doingperfect (to) have done to have been doneperfect progressive to have been doing to have been being done4. Logical subject1) Found in the sentence (subject or object)e.g. He likes to climb mountains.We asked him to do it.2)
22、 Caused by for in the sentence “It is/was + adjective + for + noun/pron + to infinitive”3) Caused by of in the sentence “It is/was + adjective + of + noun/pron + to infinitive”Adjectives: kind good nice unwise wise clever silly wrong right foolish stupid careless considerate rude naughty impolite.5.
23、 UsageAdjective + infinitive5.1 Type IThis type of STC pattern is characterized by the fact that the subject of main clause is the logical subject of the infinitive. The adjectives in this pattern are all dynamic adjectives, which can be subdivided into the following categories.Adjectives showing em
24、otional feelings, e.g.:He is glad to help others.Adjectives showing good or bad luck, e.g.:He was lucky to be able to find a job.Adjectives showing mental state or persona lattitude, e.g.:We are ready to make the attempt.If the subject of the main clause is not the logical subject of the infinitive,
25、 the logical should be expressed with an introductory for: Im quite willing for your brother to come with me.Adjectives showing character or behavioral trait, eg:He is foolish to meet her again.5.2 Type IIIn this type of SVC pattern, the subject of the main clause is the logical object of the infini
26、tive. Here, the adjectives are generally stative adjectives.e.g. That question is difficult to answer.She is pleasant to talk to.These sentences can be transformed into an anticipatory It-construction:It is difficult to answer that question.But there are constructions of the same type that cannot be
27、 so transformed.e.g. They are attractive to look at.The river is narrow to sail up.5.3 Type IIIIn this type, the subject of the main clause may be the logical subject or logical object of the infinitive.e.g. These books are easy to sell.But in most cases, the adjective can be turned into a correspon
28、ding adverb in deep structure.e.g. He is quite to take offence.He was hesitant to take action.Noun (phrase) + infinitive Here, the infinitive is used as post modification in noun phrases. 1) Semantic relationsSemantically, the noun (phrase) and the infinitive that follows may form different relation
29、s, for instance, a subject-verb relation, that is, the noun (phrase) is the logical subject of the infinitive.e.g. Jim was the last guest to arrive.Sometimes, the noun (phrase) is the logical object of the infinitive, e.g. He has a large family to suggest in the case of an intransitive infinitive, a
30、n appropriate preposition should be added.e.g. The boy needs a friend to play with.Sometimes, the noun phrase is in apposition to the infinitive that follows.e.g. The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence.2) infinitive- active or passiveAs post modification, the infinitive may appear in active o
31、r passive voice. In some contexts, both active and passive forms are possible.e.g. The man to consult / to be consulted is Mr. Johnson.But in other case, an active form seems more natural than the passive.e.g. I have got a lot of letters to write.In still other cases, a passive form sounds more appr
32、opriate.e.g. The question to be discussed at the next meeting will be a hard nut to crack.3) “Noun + infinitive” vs “noun + preposition + -ing”with some nouns such as attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, necessity, opportunity, reason, time, way, etc, the post modifier may be an infinitive o
33、r a “preposition + -ing” with no difference in meaning.e.g. The doctor made a bold attempt to save/ of saving the childs life.With some other nouns, it is appropriate to use an infinitive rather than a “preposition + -ing” as post modifier.e.g. They have the ability to produce nuclear weapons.These
34、nouns include ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition, mind, obligation, permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, wish, etc.There are still other nouns which do not admit of an infinitive as post modifier; a “preposition + -ing” is normally used.e.g. there is no h
35、ope of winning the game.Other nouns in the same use include aptitude, delay, difficulty, excuse, experience, interest, genius, habit, idea, motive, objection, passion, plan, possibility, skill success, etc.Verb + infinitive Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive to form a verb object relation,
36、that is, the Infinitive functions as the object of the verb. These collocations fall into three groups; 1) verb + infinitive, 2) verb + object + infinitive, and 3) verb + (object) + infinitive.4) verb + infinitiveThere are verbs that can be directly followed by an infinitive rather than an ing form
37、as object.e.g. He demanded to be told everything.These verbs include agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, vol
38、unteer, etc.Some of these verbs such as agree, arrange, promise, resolve, claim, decide, demand, determine, hope, pretend, profess, swear, threaten, etc can also be followed by a corresponding that-clause. 2) Verb + object + infinitiveThere are verbs that cannot be directly followed by an infinitive
39、 unless the verb and the infinitive are intervened by a noun or pronoun. . These verbs include five groups:a) Verbs of perception or sense verbs such as see ,hear, watch, feel, ect. e.g.:Did you see him enter the building?b) Causative verbs such as have , let ,make, etc, eg:Dont forget to have your
40、children come with you.c) Some phrasal verbs such as arrange foe , ask for, rely on, etc, eg:Ill arrange for you to meet the manager .d) Verbs showing mental state such as consider, declare, find (= consider ), prove ,think, believe, discover, feel ( = think ) , imagine , judge, suppose, understand,
41、 etc, eg:I believe him to be reliable.e) Verbs having the force of “ advice” ,”permission” , “forbiddance”, etc such as advise , allow , forbid , permit, recommend, require, urge, etc ,eg:I advised him to give up smoking.There are a few points to note about the use of these verbs :First , the infini
42、tive after verbs under “group d” is invariably “to be” ,eg:We know him to be reliable.He declared himself to be innocent.Secondly, after such verbs as consider, declare, find prove, think, the infinitive “to be” can be committed, eg:He proved himself (to be ) innocent.If the infinitive “to be” is in
43、 the perfective form , then it cannot be committed,:We considered him to have been foolish.Thirdly in view of the fact that the noun or pronoun in this context may be viewed as the object of the finite verb that goes before or as the logical subject of the infinitive that follows , an alternative co
44、nstruction with a that clause is available for interpretation ,eg:They believed him to be insane.Some of the verbs of “group e such as advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend can also be followed directly by an -ing form as object. Compare:She advised us to give up smoking.And some may also be foll
45、owed by a that-clause:They required us to get there before nine.1) Verb + (object ) + infinitive With some verbs such as ask, cant bear, hate, intend, like, prefer, want, etc, the object is optional, that is these verbs can occur either in the “verb + infinitive” construction in the “verb +object +
46、infinitive” pattern, eg:Do you intend to make a long stay there?Most of these verbs can also can be followed by that-clause, eg:She asked to do more work.Some may also be directly followed by an -ing form, eg:I have troubling you about trifles.6. The passive voice of infinitive verb phrase1) form: t
47、o be done2) usage: when the logical subject of infinitive is the do of infinitive verb, we should use passive voice.e.g. He ordered the work to be started at once.How would you like to have been being scolded (挨骂)all day.3) in the following cases, we should not use passive voice.Lecture 21 -ing Part
48、icipleTeaching Aims(1) To know the grammatical function of ing participle(2) To grasp the use of ing participle (3) To the differences between infinitive and ing participle as nounTeaching Content(1) The classification of ing participle (gerund and present participle traditionally)(2) The use of ger
49、und (3) The use of present participle The “ing participle” is used to include both the traditional “present participle” and the “gerund”. 1. Collocation of ing participle with verbsThis section is concerned with two collocations: “verb +-ing form” and “verb +object +preposition +-ing form”.1.1 verb+ -ing formThere are verbs that can only be followed by an ing form rather than an infinitive as object. T