1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTINGcost management：identifies, collects, measures, classifies, and reports information that is useful to managers in costing (determining what something costs), planning, controlling, and decision making什么是成本会计：成本会计是收集、整理成本信息，计算产品、劳动等成本对象的成本，并利用成本信息来编制企业的财务报表、进行成本
2、控制和为企业的内部经营与决策踢空依据的管理活动。问答：Explain the relationship between the Financial Accounting System and the Cost Management System？答案：A financial accounting system is mainly concerned with producing information for the companys external users. Financial accounting information is used for investment decision
3、s, stewardship evaluation, activity monitoring, and regulatory measures. The rules that govern a financial accounting system are defined by the Securities Exchange commission (SEC) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Outputs of a financial accounting system include the standard fina
4、ncial statements which include the income statement, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows.The cost management system is concerned with producing information for the companys internal users and is designed to meet management objectives. A cost management system has three broad objectives -
5、to provide information on: costing of products and services, planning and control activities, and decision making activities.CHAPTER 2BASIC COST MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS基本概念： Cost Objects are anything for which costs are measured and assigned. They may include: products, customers, departments, projects,
6、 activities, and so on. Example： a bicycle is a cost object when you are determining the cost to produce a bicycle. Activity: A basic unit of work performed within an organization. Example： setting up equipment, moving materials, maintaining equipment, and designing products. Indirect costs: Costs t
7、hat cannot be easily and accurately traced to a cost object.Example： the salary of a plant manager, where departments within the plant are defined as the cost objects. Direct costs: Costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object.Example： the salary of a supervisor of a department, w
8、here the department is defined as the cost object, or bricks delivered to a house that is being constructed by a contractor, where the house is the cost object. Traceability: The ability to assign a cost to a cost object in an economically feasible way by means of a causal relationship. Driver:The f
9、actors that cause changes in resource usage, activity usage, cost, and revenues. Allocation: The least accurate cost assignment method. Often, no causal relationship exists between the cost and the basis used to assign the cost to the cost object.Assignment of indirect costs to cost objects is calle
10、d allocation.Prime Cost is the sum of direct materials cost and direct labor cost.Conversion Cost is the sum of direct labor cost and overhead cost.EXTERNAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIncome statement rely on:Cost of goods manufacturedCost of goods soldProduction costs are assigned to products or services
11、and do not become expenses until the point of sale. Marketing and administrative costs are period costs and are deducted as an expense on the income statement in the period incurred. Nonproduction costs do not appear on the balance sheet.Example:The cost of goods sold for the Tricky Corporation for
12、the month of June 2011 was $450,000. Work-in-process inventory at the end of June was 95 percent of the work-in-process inventory at the beginning of the month. Overhead is 80 percent of the direct labor cost. During the month, $110,000 of direct materials were purchased. Revenues for Tricky were $6
13、00,000, and the selling and administrative costs were $70,000. Other information about Trickys inventories and production for June was as follows:Ending inventories-June 30Direct materials $ 19,000Work in process ?Finished goods 105,000Beginning inventories-June 1Direct materials $ 22,200Work in pro
14、cess 40,000Finished goods 208,500Required:a. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold statements.b. Prepare an income statement.c. What are the prime costs, conversion costs, and period costs?ANS:Tricky CorporationStatement of Cost of Goods ManufacturedFor Month of June 2011Direct
15、 materials:Beginning inventory* $ 22,200Add: Purchases* 110,000Materials available $132,200Less: Ending inventory* 19,000Direct materials used in production $113,200Direct labor 128,500Manufacturing overhead ($128,500 0.80) 102,800Total manufacturing costs added $344,500Add: Beginning work in proces
16、s * 40,000Less: Ending work in process ($40,000 0.95) 38,000Cost of goods manufactured (from COGS statement) $346,500DM used = $22,200 + $110,000 $19,000 = $113,200CGM = $450,000 + $105,000 $208,500 = $346,500Total manufacturing costs added = DM + DL + MOH$344,500 = 113,200 + DL + MOH$231,300 = DL +
17、 MOH$231,300 = DL + MOH = 0.80 DL $231,300 = DL + .8DL$231,300 = 1.8DL$128,500 = DLMOH = 0.80 DLMOH = 0.80 128,500 = 102,800Tricky CompanyStatement of Cost of Goods SoldFor Month of June 2011Cost of goods manufactured $346,500Add:Beginning finished goods* 208,500Cost of goods available for sale $555
18、,000Less: Ending finished goods* 105,000Cost of Goods Sold* $450,000*These items are provided.Tricky CompanyIncome StatementFor Month of June 2011Sales* $600,000Less: Cost of goods sold*:Add: Cost of goods manufactured $346,500Beginning inventory finished goods* 208,500Cost of goods available for sa
19、le $555,000Less: Ending inventory finished goods* 105,000 450,000Gross margin $150,000Less operating expenses:Selling expenses*Administrative expenses*70,000Operating Income $ 80,000Conversion costs= direct labor and overhead = = $128,500 + $102,800 = $231,300Prime costs = DM + DL = $113,200 + $128,
20、500 = $241,700Period costs = $70,000CHAPTER3COST BEHAVIOUR定义：成本总额与特定业务量在数量方面的依存关系（whether a cost changes when the level of output changes）。1. 基本概念fixed cost：in total are constant within the relevant range as the level of the activity driver varies.variable cost：in total, vary in direct proportion to
21、 changes in an activity driver.mixed cost：the cost that have both a fixed and a variable component.在相关范围内，随着业务量的增加，总固定成本保持不变，单位固定成本逐渐减少，总变动成本逐渐增加，单位变动成本保持不变 。相关范围（relevant range）不会改 变固定成本和变动成本性态的有关区间和业务量的特定变动范围。2. 分解混合成本1) 三种定量方法：高低点法，散点图法，最小二乘法Y = F + VX （需要估算 F 与 V 的值）高低点法（high-low method）基本原理：两点确
22、定一条直线注意：一定要选取业务量的最高与最低的两点为目标（highest activity level and lowest activity level）也就是 X 轴上的最大最小值。千万不要错选了成本的最高最低点。*例题：3-4 书上 P62 页 优点：1.客观；2.计算简单缺点：1.可能选到异常点（outlier）；2.即使不是异常点，选到的两个点可能不具有代表性CHAPTER4ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING定义：作业成本法是以作业为核算对象，通过作业成本动因来确认和计量作业量， 进而以作业成本动因分配率来对多种产品合理分配简介费用的成本计算方法activitybased
23、cost (ABC) system a cost accounting system that uses both unit and nonunit based cost drivers to assign costs to cost objects by first tracing costs to activities and then tracing costs from activities to products.单位层次下的成本计量方法分配制造费用预定的制造费用分配率（predetermined overhead rate）= budgeted annual overhead /
24、budgeted annual driver level已分配的制造费用（applied overhead）= overhead rate activity driver usage两种：1.plantwide rates ；2.departmental ratesPlantwide rates:只用一个动因来分配成本，一般就是 direct labor hour，然后得到唯一的 plantwide rate来计算 applied overhead.书上例题：4-1 P92 页制造费用差异（overhead variance）= actual overhead applied overhead
25、如果 actual overhead 大于 applied overhead,则该 overhead variance 称为 underapplied overhead如果 actual overhead 小于 applied overhead,则该 overhead variance 称为 overapplied overhead对制造费用差异的处理：如果该制造费用差异是不重要的（immaterial）：则全部分配到 COGS 中去；如果该制造费用差异是重要的（material）：则按比例分配到 WIP inventory，finished goods inventory 和 COGS 中去
26、。书上例题：4-2 P93 页Departmental rates：第一步：确定每个部门所应使用的动因，然后 计算出所有的部门制造费用率（departmental rate），有n 个部门就会有 n 个部门制造费用率；第二步：用这 n 个部门制造费用率将所有的制造费用分配到每种产品中去。书上例题：4-3 P96 页Plantwide rate 和 departmental rate 的缺陷：当 overhead cost 占总成本的比率 较低时， 这两种简单易算的方法很适用；但是，当 overhead cost占总成本的份额较高时，如果：1.非单位层次的制造费用比重太高，以及 2.产品的多样性
27、程度太高，那么使用这两种方法会造成成本扭曲（cost distortion），既制造费用分配不准确。注意: 如果非单位层次动因的比例一致，就不会有成本扭曲。某种产品使用每个作业的比率称之为消耗率（consumption ratio）作业成本法分配制造费用成本归集到作业，作业归集到产 品。步骤一：利用每个 activity 所对应的 activity driver 计算作业率（activity rate）activity rate =activity overhead cost/activity usage有 n 个 activity，就会有 n 个 activity driver，也就会有 n
28、 个 activity rate步骤二：把某个产品实际消耗的每种作业的作业量乘以对应的 activity rate，再加总便可得到该产品所使用的 overhead costproduct cost = activity rate activity usage书上例题： 4-5 P101 页例题The Juneau plant produces two calculators and has two production departments: assembly and packaging. Information for the products is given below:Deluxe
29、Regular TotalUnits produced 20,000 200,000Prime costs $160,000 $1,500,000 $1,660,000Direct labor hours 20,000 160,000 180,000Number of setups 60 40 100Machine hours 10,000 80,000 90,000Inspection hours 2,000 16,000 18,000Number of moves 180 120 300The following table presents activity information ab
30、out the departments and products:Assembly Packaging TotalDirect labor hours:Deluxe 10,000 10,000 20,000Regular 150,000 10,000 160,000Total 160,000 20,000 180,000Machine hours:Deluxe 2,000 8,000 10,000Regular 8,000 72,000 80,000Total 10,000 80,000 90,000Overhead Costs:Setting equipment $120,000 $ 120
31、,000 $240,000Moving material 60,000 60,000 120,000Machining 20,000 180,000 200,000Inspection 16,000 144,000 160,000Total $216,000 $504,000 $720,000Required:a. Compute the predetermined overhead rate for each department if Assembly uses labor hours and Packaging uses machine hours.b. Calculate the pe
32、r unit cost for each product if departmental overhead rates are used. (Round to 2 decimal places.)c. Compute the predetermined plant-wide overhead rate based on direct labor hours.d. Calculate the per unit cost of each product if a plantwide overhead rate is used. (Round to 2 decimal places.)e. Calc
33、ulate the overhead rates for each overhead activity.f. Calculate the per unit cost of each product if a activity rates are used to assign overhead.(Round to 2 decimal places.)ANS:a. Assembly $ 216,000Labor hours 160,000Overhead rate $1.35Packaging $504,000Machine hours 80,000Overhead rate $6.30b.Del
34、uxe RegularUnits 20,000 200,000Prime costs $160,000 $1,500,000Overhead applied to productionAssembly:1.35 x 10,000 13,5001.35 x 150,000 202,500Packaging6.30 x 8,000 50,4006.30 x 72,000 453,600Total $223,900 $2,156,100Overhead per Unit $11.20 $10.78c. $720,000/180,000 = $4 per labor hourd.Deluxe Regu
35、larUnits 20,000 200,000Prime costs $160,000 $1,500,000Overhead costs4 x 20,000 80,0004 x 160,000 -640,000Total costs $240,000 $2,140,000Unit cost $12 $10.70e.Activity Cost Driver Activity RateSetting up equip $240,000 100 $2,400 per setupMoving material $120,000 300 $400 per moveMachining $200,000 9
36、0,000 $2.22 machine hourInspecting $160,000 18,000 $8.89 per inspection hoursf.Deluxe RegularUnits 20,000 200,000Prime costs $160,000 $1,500,000Overhead costs:Setting up$2,400 x 60 144,000$2400 x 40 96,000Moving materials$400 x 180 72,000$400 x 120 48,000Machining$2.22 x 10,000 22,200$2.22 x 80,000
37、177,600Inspecting$8.89 x 2000 17,780$8.89 x 16,000 142,240Total costs $415,980 $1,963,840Unit cost $20.80 $9.82主要作业（primary activity）：最 终成本对象（final cost object）所消耗的作业次级作业（secondary activity）：中间成本对象（intermediate cost object）所消耗的作业把次级作业分配到主要作业中去书上例题 4-6 P108 页CHAPTER 5PRODUCT AND SERVICE COSTING:JOB-O
38、RDER SYSTEM基本概念：The differences between job-order costing and process costing:1. A job-order costing system accumulates production costs by job; a process-costing system accumulates production costs by process.2. The job-order costing system uses a single work-in-process account, while the process-c
39、osting system has a WIP account for every process.3. Job-order costing is suitable for operations that produce custom-made products that receive different doses of manufacturing costs. Process costing, on the other hand, is suitable for operations that produce homogeneous products that receive equal
40、 doses of manufacturing costs in each process.分批法的基本特点： 1以产品的批别（或定单）作为成本计算对象。2制造费用是按照预定分配率（predetermined overhead rate）来分配的。3成本计算期不固定。与生产周期一致，与会 计报 告期不一致。但要注意，分批法下仍然要按月结帐。4完工产品与在产品费用分配一般不存在，因为：全部完工全为完工产品成本在产品月末状态 全未完工全为在产品成本部分完工一般不分配关于制造费用（Manufacturing overhead）的分配问题一. 对 overhead control 这个账户的理解：1.
41、 可分解为 3 个账户：实际数、计划数、差异数2. Overhead Controlactual overhead applied overheadoverhead variance(over applied)值得注意的是，只有 applied overhead 才能够分配到 WIP 中，因为 job-order costing 采用 normal costing 的方法。二对 overhead variance 的处理：1. 当差异额没有达到重要性水平时，直接将其转至 Cost of Goods Sold 账户2. 当差异额达到重要性水平时，按一定比率分配至 WIP ,FG 和 Cost o
42、f Goods Sold三个账户中。CHAPTER 6PROCESS COSTING定义：分步法是以产品的品种及其所经过的生产步骤作为成本计算对象，归集生产费用，计算各种产品成本及其各步骤成本的一种方法。它主要适用于大量大批复杂生产的企业，如纺织、冶金、造纸等大量大批多步骤 生产类型的企业。分步法的基本特点：1. 成本计算对象为各种产品的生产步骤和产品品种。2. 成本计算是定期于月末进行。与会计报告期一致，和生产周期不一致。3. 生产费用需要在完工产品与在产品之间分配。Overhead Controlactual overhead applied overheadoverhead varian
43、ce(under applied)4. 各步骤之间需进行成本结转。5. 成本计算采用累加的方法。用 T 账户来表示的成本流转示意图（假设无在产品）：基本概念图： Units to account forUnit informationUnits accounted for 1. 生产报告（Production report） Costs to account forCost informationCosts accounted forWIP_Beginning WIP 2. Costs to account for Current costs Costs of units transferre
44、d out_ Costs accounted forEnding WIP 3. 约当产量（Equivalent units）(1)加权平均法（Weighted average method）Equivalent units DM CC TICUnits completed/transferred out xx xx xxUnits, ending WIP xx xx xx Equivalent units of output xx xx xx (2)先进先出法（FIFO method）Equivalent units DM CC TICUnits started and completed x
45、x xx xxUnits, beginning WIP xx xx xxUnits, ending WIP xx xx xx Equivalent units of output xx xx xx 即 Units completed/transferred out加权平均法的应用加权平均法（Weighted average method）该方法是不考虑产品在何时加工制造，也就是不需要知道哪些完工产品是来自于期初在产品，哪些是在本期投入已被加工完成的，只要将期初在产品成本与本期发生的成本加在一起计算加权平均单位成本，然后进行分配。 Cost of goods transferred out本月发
46、出存货的成本=本月发出存货的数量 存货单位成本Cost of ending WIP本月月末库存存货成本=月末库存存货的数量 存货单位成本例题Zoo Company manufactures a product that passes through two departments, Assembly and Finishing. In the Finishing Department, materials are added at the end of the process. Conversion costs are incurred uniformly throughout the pro
47、cess. During the month of December, the Finishing Department received 60,000 units from the Assembly Department. The transferred-in cost of the 60,000 units was $69,900.Costs added by Finishing during December included the following:Direct materials $35,200Direct labor 56,000Overhead 25,600On Decemb
48、er 1, the Finishing Department had 10,000 units in inventory that were 30 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. On December 30, 12,000 units were in inventory, one-third complete with respect to conversion costs. The costs associated with the 10,000 units in beginning inventory were as follows:Transferred in $11,650Direct labor 8,750Overhead 4,000Required:Prepare a cost of production report using the weighted average method.ANS:Zoo CompanyFinishing DepartmentFor the Month of DecemberUnit InformationUnits to account for:U
