1、Audit Reports,Chapter 2,Learning Objective 1,Describe the parts of the standard unqualified audit report.,Parts of the Standard Unqualified Audit Report,1. Report title,2. Audit report address,3. Introductory paragraph,4. Scope paragraph,5. Opinion paragraph,6. Name of CPA firm,7. Audit report date,
2、Learning Objective 2,Specify the conditions required to issue the standard unqualified audit report.,Conditions for Standard Unqualified Audit Report,1. All financial statements are included.,2. The three general standards have beenfollowed in all respects on the engagement.,3. Sufficient evidence h
3、as been accumulatedto conclude that the three standards offield work have been met.,Conditions for Standard Unqualified Audit Report,4. The financial statements are presented inaccordance with generally acceptedaccounting principles.,5. There are no circumstances requiring theaddition of an explanat
4、ory paragraph ormodification of the wording of the report.,Four Categories of Audit Reports,Standard unqualified,Unqualified with explanatory paragraph or modified wording,Qualified,Adverse or disclaimer,Learning Objective 3,Describe the five circumstances when an unqualified report with an explanat
5、ory paragraph or modified wording is appropriate.,Unqualified Report with Explanation,1. Lack of consistent application of generallyaccepted accounting principles.,2. Substantial doubt about going concern.,3. Auditor agrees with a departure from promulgated accounting principles.,4. Emphasis of a ma
6、tter.,5. Reports involving other auditors.,Consistency versus Comparability,Changes that affect consistency and require an explanatory paragraph if they are material:,1. Changes in accounting principles,2. Changes in reporting entities,3. Corrections of errors involving principles,Consistency versus
7、 Comparability,Changes that affect comparability but not consistency:,1. Changes in an estimate,2. Error corrections not involving principles,3. Variations in format and presentation of financial information,4. Changes because of substantially different transactions or events,Substantial Doubt about
8、 Going Concern,1. Significant recurring operating losses orworking capital deficiencies,2. Inability of the company to pay its obligations as they come due,3. Loss of major customers, the occurrence of uninsured catastrophes,4. Legal proceedings, legislation, that might jeopardize the entitys abilit
9、y to operate,Auditor Agrees with a Departure from a Promulgated Principle,The auditor must be satisfied and must state and explain, in a separate paragraph or paragraphs in the audit report, that adhering to the principle would have produced a misleading result in that situation.,Emphasis on a Matte
10、r,Under certain circumstances, the CPA may want to emphasize specific matters regarding the financial statements, even though the CPA intends to express an unqualified opinion.,Reports Involving Other Auditors,1. Make no reference in the audit report.,3. Qualify the opinion.,2. Make reference in the
11、 report(modified wording report).,Learning Objective 4,Identify the types of audit reports that can be issued when an unqualified opinion is not justified.,Departures from an Unqualified Opinion,1. Scope limitation,2. GAAP departure,3. Auditor not independent,Qualified Opinion,A qualified opinion re
12、port can result from a limitation on the scope of the audit or failure to follow generally accepted accounting principles.,Adverse Opinion,It is used only when the auditor believes that the overall financial statements are so materially misstated or misleading that they do not present fairly the fin
13、ancial position or results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP.,Disclaimer of Opinion,It is issued when the auditor is unable to be satisfied that the overall financial statements are fairly presented.,Learning Objective 5,Explain how materiality affects audit reporting decisions.,M
14、ateriality,A misstatement in the financial statements can be considered material if knowledge of the misstatement would affect a decision of a reasonable user of the statements.,Levels of Materiality,Amounts are immaterial.,Amounts are material but do not overshadow the financial statements as a who
15、le.,Amounts are so material or so pervasive that overall fairness of the statements is in question.,Relationship of Materiality to Type of Opinion,Materiality Decisions,Materiality Decisions,Dollar amount compared with a base,Measurability,Nature of the item,Materiality Decisions,Scope limitation,Au
16、dit report,Unqualified,Qualified scope and opinion,Disclaimer,Learning Objective 6,Draft appropriately modified audit reports under a variety of circumstances.,Discussion of Conditions Requiring Departure,Auditors scope has been restricted.,Statements are not in conformity with GAAP.,Auditor is not
17、independent.,Scope Restricted by Client or Conditions,Statements Not Prepared in Accordance With GAAP,The Auditor Is Not Independent,Learning Objective 7,Determine the appropriate audit report for a given audit situation.,Auditors Decision Process,Determine whether any condition exists requiring a d
18、eparture from a standard unqualified report.,Decide the materiality for each condition.,Decide the appropriate type of report.,Write the audit report.,Number of Paragraphs in the Report,Standard 3 Unqualified with explanatory paragraph 4 Unqualified shared report with other auditors 3 Qualified opin
19、ion only 4 Qualified scope and opinion 4 Disclaimer scope limitation 3 Adverse 4,Learning Objective 8,Discuss the impact of e-commerce on audit reporting.,Impact of E-Commerce on Audit Reporting,Auditors are not required to read information contained in electronic sites.,Most companies provide access to financial information through their home Web page.,Auditing standards note that electronic sites are not considered “documents.”,End of Chapter 2,
