1、质量保证 quality assurance 室间质量评价 external quality assessment 室内质量控制 internal quality control 批间 between-batch 批内 within-batch,检验医学专用术语,尿液分析仪 urine analyzer*,计算机辅助精子分析 computer aided semen analysis 试带 reagent/test strip 理学检验 gross examination* 化学检验 chemical examination* 显微镜检查 microscopic examination*,检验
2、医学专用术语,尿沉渣分析仪 urine sediment analyzer*,urinalysis 尿分析 renal 肾的 failure 衰竭 hyperaldosteronism 醛固酮过多症 glomerular 肾小球的 permeability 渗透性 diminution 减少 tubule 小管，细管 cast 管型 waxy 蜡状的，蜡的 pus 脓 tuberculosis 结核病 88,New Words and Expression,genitourinary 生殖泌尿的 cleanse 使清洁 vulva 外阴，女阴 labium 阴唇 vaginal 阴道的 hem
3、aturia 血尿 glomerulonephritis 肾小球性肾炎 trauma 创伤，外伤 calculus 结石，石 stricture 狭窄,New Words and Expression,tumor 瘤；肿块 hemolysis 溶血 paroxysmal 阵发的 nocturnal 夜间的 sickle 镰刀 crisis 危象 idiosyncrasy 特异反应性 pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎 cystitis 膀胱炎,New Words and Expression,Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,
4、Record intake and output of fluids. The normal day output (8:00 a. m. to 8:00 p. m ) is 23 times the normal night output.This ratio is changed in renal disease, in some cases of heart failure, and in hyperaldosteronism .,Proteinuria:The presence of protein in the urine indicates increased glomerular
5、 permeability and some degree of diminution of tubular reabsorption of protein. It appears in many types of renal disease. Slight proteinuria is seen in congestive heart failure, infectious diseases, and after a heavy meal，and in some cases is associated with prolonged standing (orthostatic(直立的) pro
6、teinuria) or with vigorous exercise.,Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,Casts:Casts result from precipitation of protein in the tubules. Waxy and fatty casts are suggestive of nephrosis. Pus cells:These are seen in large numbers in any genitourinary infections. (Women should cleanse th
7、e vulva, spread the labia, and collect a “clean” specimen free of vaginal leukocyte.),Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,Hematuria:Gross or microscopic hematuria may result from glomerulonephritis, infection, trauma (including calculi), strictures, drug poisoning, or tumors of the kidn
8、eys, bladder, or urethra .,Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,Hemoglobinuria:Hemoglobinuria found in urine following hemolysis associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, sickle cell crises, idiosyncrasy to cold, acute severe hemolytic reaction, or transfusion reaction .,Lesso
9、n Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,Bacteria:Bacteria in the urine may be specific for infection, as in renal tuberculosis, pyelonephritis , cystitis.,Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal Function,Collection and preservation of urine for analytical testing must follow a carefully prescrib
10、ed procedure to insure valid results. Laboratory testing of urine generally falls under three categories, i. e. chemical, bacteriologic, and microscopic examination. There are three kinds of collection for urine specimens: (1) random; (2) timed , and (3) 24-hour total volume.,Collection of Urine for
11、 Screening Purpose,Random specimens are collected at any time. Test results for a random collection are expressed per unit volume if the result is a quantitative analysis. Much reporting of testing on a random collection is expressed as “positive” or “negative”, indicating the presence or absence of
12、 a particular constituent, such as glucose. A randomly collected urine specimen is often more convenient for the patient and will be suitable for most screening purpose.,Collection of Urine for Screening Purpose,Probably the best specimen for routine examination is the first morning voiding, fresh,
13、concentrated, with an acid PH. If the urine is dilute, small but pathologic increases in content of protein, sugar, red blood cells, white cells, and casts may be missed. Alkalinity and hypoosmolality hasten dissolution of casts and red cells. If specimens cannot be examined immediately, those with
14、specific gravity less than 1.010 should probably be recollected if possible, especially if they are alkaline.,Collection of Urine for Screening Purpose,First morning specimens also tend to be more uniform, are more likely to reveal impairment of kidney concentrating ability, and to contain pus and m
15、ucus in the presence of infection. They are, however, less likely to contain sugar and protein. Most specimens obtained in the practitioners office are collected from ambulatory patients who have eaten 2 to 3 hours previously. These specimens are more likely to contain protein or reducing substances
16、.,Collection of Urine for Screening Purpose,For chemical and microscopic examination, a voided specimen is usually suitable. If the specimen is likely to be contaminated by vaginal discharge or hemorrhage, a cleanvoided specimen is collected. It may be necessary to pack the vagina or use a tampon in
17、 some cases, especially when examination of the urinary sediment is critical.,Collection of Urine for Screening Purpose,Do not skip lightly over the rather tedious details of proper urine collection and preservation. Neglect of this aspect of the examination frequently renders all subsequent informa
18、tion uninterpretable or useless.,Collection of Urine for Screening Purpose,名称 通用名 前（后）缀 示例胆 gallbladder chole- cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术肠 intestine entero- enteritis 肠炎脾 spleen spleno- splenectomy 脾切除术肾 kidney nephro- nephritis 肾炎 膀胱/囊 bladder cysto- cystoscopy 膀胱镜 肾上腺 adrenal adreno- adrenocortical 肾上腺
19、皮质的 支气管 bronchus bronch-/ bronchia 支气管broncho- bronchoscopy 纤支镜,与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀,名称 通用名 前（后）缀 示例 尿 urine uro-/ur-* urosurgery 泌尿外科 体 body somato-/-some somatopsychic 身心的 心 heart cardio-* cardiology 心脏学 脑 brain encepholo- encephalitis 脑炎 肺 lung pulmo- pulmonitis 肺炎 肝 liver hepato-* hepatitis 肝炎 胃 stomach gastro-* gastrointestinal 胃十二指肠的,与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀,
