1、The Grammar and Usage(1),Non-restrictive Attributive Clause,铜陵三中 张勇 姜贵红,Attributive Clause,The clause used as the attribute in a sentence is called,structure:,antecedent + (先行词),relative pron. (as sub. or obj.),relative adv. (as adverbial),(that / which / who(m) / whose),(when / where / why),Languag
2、e study,Revision,Relative pronouns,Talking about people,Do you know the man who / that came to see Xiao Yang this morning?,Talking about things,I couldnt find the book which / that I bought yesterday.,whose,Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday?,He is a man who / whom / that we should all
3、 learn from.,The table which / that you just saw is made of plastics.,Ive never been to the room whose windows are broken.,Language study,who/ whom/ that,这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。 E.g. Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. （whom/that在
4、从句中作宾语）,whose,用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which the互换） They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose （of which the） cover is green.,关系代词that 的用法,a） 引导非限定性定语从句时e.g. The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. （wrong） b） 介词后不能用e.g. We depend
5、 on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.,1）关系代词不用that的情况,先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, little, few, much等不定代词时 我能用的（东西）极其少 There is little that I can use. 先行词被all, each, few, much, every, no ,some, any等不定代词修饰时 你需要的书都在这儿 All the books th
6、at you need are here. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 这是他用英语写的第一篇作文 This is the first composition that he has written in English.,2）. 关系代词只能用that的情况,先行词既有人又有物时 。 他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句 在那里说话的人是谁? Who is the man that is speaking over there
7、? 先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时 这正是我在找的枪。 This is the very gun that I am looking for.,先行词在从句中做表语时 他已经不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。 He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago.在there be 句型中，如先行词指物，用that,而不用which. There are many books that were written by him in my home. There is a house that has bea
8、utiful windows.,关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。 e.g. July and August are the months when the weather is hot. (时间状语)Shes going home where she can rest.（地点状语）Do you know the reason why I left early? (原因状语),判断关系代词与关系副词,把先行词放回从句，看它在从句中所作的成分。1. 如果不需要添词句子仍然完整，那先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语（表所属关系），选择关系代词（w
9、ho, whom, that, which, whose)。2. 如果需要添介词才能使从句完整，那么先行词在从句中作状语，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。,判断改错：,This is the mountain village where I visited last year. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. Ill never forge
10、t the days （which） I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。,判断关系代词与关系副词,方法： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、宾、定、状），就能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whe
11、re B. that C. on which D. the one,判断关系代词与关系副词,例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that
12、C. on which D. the one而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。,1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. 2.The girl whom I met is Lucy. 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. 4.I like the book which you bought yesterday. 5. His
13、 parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor. 6. I like the person to whom you just talked. 7. We shall never forget the days that we spent together. 8. We shall never forget the days when we lived together.,确定关系词在从句中的成分,限制性和非限制性定语从句,定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制
14、性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。e.g. This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,Language study,New Grammar:,as & which 引导的非限制性定语从句,由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which指代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。
15、as一般放在句首，which在句中。 例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。 The sun heats the earth, and _ is very important to us.,典型例题,1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that
16、 C. which D. he答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。,2）The weather turned out to be very good, (and) _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使用逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。,典型例题,3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the parkA. that B. which C. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： （1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 （2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。,典型例题,
