1、Unit 5 Enjoying novels Period 3 Grammar & Writing 课件（人教版选修10，课标通用）,独立主格 一、概念“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。,二、功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 1表示时间The meeting being over，all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done，she sat
2、down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。,2表示条件The condition being favorable，he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3表示原因There being no taxis，we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care，the night being dark and frosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。,4表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the
3、 best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(Almost all metals are good conductors，and silver is the best of all.) 5表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,注意：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。,三、构成名词(代词)现在分词、过去分词名词(代词)形容词名词(代词)副词名词
4、(代词)名词名词(代词)不定式名词(代词)介词短语,四、特点 1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即逻辑主语为动作执行者。 3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。(1)名词/代词现在分词Winter coming，it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。,(2)名词/代词过去分词 “Marquis，”said the boy，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide，and his right hand raised. (3)名
5、词/代词形容词 It stood silent in the noon sunlight，its door open. (4)名词/代词副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away. (5)名词/代词名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。,(6)名词/代词(主格)不定式 We shall assemble at ten fortyfive，the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四
6、十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。 (7)名词/代词介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。,五、用法 1与状语从句的转换The test finished，we began our holiday.When the test was finished，we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated，the whole country was in deep sorrow.After the president was assassi
7、nated，the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。,2with的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。with名词(代词)现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语He stood there，his hand raised.He stood there，with his hand raised.,六、盲点直击 1独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。After class was over(Cl
8、ass being over/Class over)，the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。,2不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。It being Sunday，we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。(2)在There being名词的结构中。There being no bus，we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家
9、。,3通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。Miss Smith entered the classroom，book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了教室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。Miss Smith entered the classroom，with a book in her hand. 4独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chiefeditor arriving，we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。,.完成句子 1Close to the bank，we saw deep
10、pools，the water (像天空一样蓝) 2He stood there， (双手放在口袋里) 3 (下课了)，all the students ran out of the classroom. 4 (随着时间的流逝)，everything has changed. 5 (汤姆病了)，his mother had to stay at home and looked after him. 答案 1.blue like the sky 2.with his hands in his pockets 3Class(being)over 4.With time going on 5.Tom
11、 being ill,.单项填空 1John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work ，he gladly accepted it.Afinished BfinishingChaving finished Dwas finished解析 “with宾语宾补”结构中，宾补表示完成用过去分词。答案 A,2The human body is composed of organs，each a definite job to do.Ahave Bto have Chas Dhaving解析 句意：人体由器官组成，每个器官都有明确的分工。本题
12、考查独立主格结构。each havingand each has，句子中无连词，have和each之间存在着主动关系，故选D项。答案 D,3Many people at him，so he felt a bit nervous.Ahas stared BstaringCwere staring Dhad stared解析 句意：很多人盯着他看，所以他有点紧张。由于本句有连词so，所以前面是一个句子，根据句意应选C项。答案 C,4There are four factories in our area， Awith each has over 100 workersBeach having ov
13、er 100 workersCwhich there are over 100 workersDwith having over 100 workers解析 each having.and each has.，A、C、D三项都不成立。答案 B,5Mary is the only one of those ladies bridge well.Awho playBwho playsCthat playDwhich plays解析 who引导的定语从句修饰the only one，所以从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。答案 B,图表作文 写作图表作文时的常用步骤： 第一步：开门见山地点明该图表所反映的主
14、题。经常使用的词汇有：table，chart，figure，graph，describe，tell，show，represent等。,引入话题的句型有： As is known by the above graph/in the above table，. It can be seen from the above graph/the above table that. According to the numbers of the above graph，we can find that. 第二步：分析数据间的主要差异及趋势，然后进行描述。在描述数据间变化及总趋势时，可采用分类式或对比式，并
15、阐明理由。,1描述图表变化趋势的词语： 上升：increase/rise/go up/rocket 下降：decrease/reduce/come down/decline/drop/fall 快：quickly/rapidly/sharply/dramatically 慢：slowly/gradually 其他方面的常用词语：while，but，compare.to/with.，in contrast to，as.as.，the same as，similar to，different from，difference between，among，more than，less than等。,2
16、分析原因的词语和句式： lead to/result in/cause/be responsible for/account for/Several factors contribute to such changes. 第三步：归纳总结或发表评论/谈看法/说对策。常用短语、词组和句型： in a word/in short/generally speaking/Its clear from the chart that./We can draw the conclusion that./We can learn/know/Its necessary/important/easy/clear
17、that.find it necessary/important/easy/clear to do.,【写作任务】根据下表，以“Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays”为题，写一篇字数为100左右的英语短文。Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays1.比较两组数据，从中找出各项变化2说明产生这些变化的原因,【写作分析】不同于提纲式，提纲图表式的要点提示并不是完整的，缺失内容需将提纲与表格内容相结合后补全。,(二)构思 (1)观察图表：仔细观察图表的横、纵坐标，暂时忽略数据。,学生作品牵
18、手名师点津 【学生作品】 Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays According to the figures in the table，we can see the ways people spent holidays from 2007 to 2010 have changed a lot.Traveling abroad and camping was increasing from 12% to 24% and from 10% to 36%.Staying at home and going to the seaside w
19、as decreasing from 40% to 9% and from 38% to 31%.Why did these changes take place？I think its because the peoples consuming capacity increases.And people like high quality and colorful life better.,【名师点评】 本文基本能描述图表所涵盖的内容，第一段写出了两组数据及其变化，第二段分析了这种变化产生的原因。不足之处在于：句式单一，表达简单，第一段有关数据的两句话混淆了主语，上升和下降的应是propor
20、tion，而不是traveling abroad and camping及staying at home and going to the seaside.因为高级表达使用较少，使句子之间显得过于松散。,【范文欣赏】 Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays According to the figures in the table，it can be seen that great changes have taken place in the ways people spent their holidays over the perio
21、d from the year 2007 to 2010.The proportion of traveling abroad and camping was increasing steadily，from 12% to 24% and from 10% to 36% separately，while that of staying at home and going to the seaside was decreasing year by year，from 40% to 9% and from 38% to 31% separately.,Why were there changes？I think it is due to the increase in peoples consuming capacity nowadays.Whats more，people prefer to pursue high quality and colorful life.Therefore we can see that peoples living standard has been rising greatly.,
