1、Vasoactive antihypertensive drugs 作用于血管的降压药物,王继光 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院 上海市高血压研究所,血管结构与功能病变的形式与评估,常见动脉血管结构病变,动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis):动脉血管壁的脂肪性变,高脂血症是最重要原因,多有明显的斑块形成。严重时,可导致管腔狭窄、甚至闭塞,引起心肌梗死、脑梗死等严重疾病; 动脉硬化(arteriosclerosis):主要是动脉壁特别是中膜增后 、纤维化(胶元蛋白) ,老化、高血压是主要原因,主要表现为内中膜增厚(IMThickening),管腔变小,管腔(lumen)与管壁(wall
2、)的比例;,动脉血管功能病变-stiffening,Atherosclerosis:mechanistic disorders; Arteriosclerosis:elasticity弹性 ; Wall stress: 血压: 血压 ,stiffness ; 血管壁本身的张力: 不同降压药物,血压 相似,stiffness 可以明显不同。一个新的概念: 血管功能衰竭(Vascular dysfunction or failure),Markers of organ damage: ESH-ESC guidelines,CV predictive Availability Costvalue E
3、lectrocardiography + + +Echocardiography + + +Carotid IMT + + +Arterial stiffness (PWV) + + +ABI + + + Coronary calcium content + + +,J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-87.,作用于血管的降压药物 CCBs & RAS inhibitors,指南推荐,利尿剂 阻滞剂 钙离子拮抗剂 转换酶抑制剂 血管紧张素受体拮抗剂,J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-87.,不同部位的血压水平有所不同,CAFE研究:外周与中心血压,外周SBP: m
4、ean =0.7 (-0.4 to 1.7) mm Hg,中心SBP: mean =4.3 (3.3 to 5.4) mm Hg,133.9 133.2125.5121.2,SBP (mm Hg),Time since randomisation (years),Williams B, et al. Circulation 2006;113:1213-1225.,阿替洛尔 氨氯地平,Koshiyama Topouchian Pontremoli Stanton ELVERA All trials Heterogeneity 2 = 4.5 P = 0.34,*ACEIs:CCBs,Trial,
5、Difference (m/y, 95% CI),Favours CCBs,Favours ACEIs,-100,0,100,-23 (-42 to -4) p = 0.02,11:11 18:21 16:15 34:35 63:63 142:145,n*, : 680:720 820:840 792:763 1057:1019,Baseline IMT (m)*,Change/y (m)*,22:-104 -80:-40 -65:-110 -27:-480:-17,-50,50,CCBs vs ACEIs on IMT,Wang JG, et al. Stroke 2006;37:1933.
6、,Glomerular effects of CCBs and ACEIs,Valentino VA et al. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2367-2372. Vivian EM et al. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35:452-463.,Dilation of afferent arteriole mainly,Dilation of both afferent and efferent arteriole, Glomerular pressure Albumin excretion rate, Glomerular pressure A
7、lbumin excretion rate,Efferent arteriole,Glomerulus,DHP/CCB,ACE inhibitor,Bowmans capsule,Afferent arteriole,Efferent arteriole,Afferent arteriole,Glomerulus,Bowmans capsule,Martina B et al. J Hum Hypertens 1998;12:473-8.,Peripheral capillary circulation: Losartan vs amlodipine,AUC of finger nailfol
8、d capillary blood cell velocity at rest and after local finger cooling,Losartan losartan/HCTZ,1.13,1.94,1.59,2.14,Amlodipine,Rx,Los,Rx,Aml,n=6 =0.61; P0.05,n=6 =0.55; NS,Systole,Diastole,2nd shoulder,1st shoulder,增强压力 Augmentation Pressure(AP),脉压 (PP),射血期,(msec),舒张期,Incisura,Start of the Wave,Augmen
9、tation Index (AIx),P1,AIx = AP / PP,ARBs vs other antihypertensive drugs 14 trials (n=512),Crossover trials,Mahmud-1 Mahmud-2 Dhakam 3 trials Heterogeneity 2 = 3.2 P = 0.20,*Another drug: ARBs,Trial,Difference (m/s, 95% CI),Favours ARBs,Favours other drugs,-8,0,8,0.01 (-0.49 to -0.51) p = 0.96,12 11
10、 21 44,n,11.1:11.1 11.5:11.8 7.5:7.5 9.93:10.26,Baseline PWV (m/s)*,Change (m/s)*,-0.90:-0.90 +0.10:-1.40 -0.70:-0.40 -0.75:-0.83,-4,4,PWV in crossover trials: ARBs vs another drug,Mahmud-1 Mahmud-2 Dhakam 3 trials Heterogeneity 2 = 4.9 P = 0.08,* Captopril vs valsartan (Am J Hypertens 2002;15:321-5
11、)HCTZ vs losartan (Am J Hypertens 2002;15:1092-5)Atenolol vs eprosartan (Am J Hypertens 2006;19:214-9),Trial,Difference (m/s, 95% CI),Favours ARBs,Favours other drugs,-40,0,40,-6.5 (-10.3 to -2.7) p = 0.002,12 11 21 44,n,27:24 33:38 22:22 31:34,Baseline AI*,Change (m/s)*,-10:-60:-66:-60:-6,-20,20,AI
12、 in crossover trials: ARBs vs another drug,厄贝沙坦,IRMA2: 明显的蛋白尿进展,Parving HH et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878.,* p0.05, 与基线值相比,Kahan T et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(suppl A):212A. Kahan T. J Hypertens. 1998;16(suppl 7):S23-S29.,LVMI,98/ 82/ 87/ 52/52 48/44 30/28 80/60,144/ 104/ 83/ 37/37 29/27
13、 18/15 143/93,Doubling of serum creatinine ESRD Death from any cause CV death Myocardial infarction Stroke CHF,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,Renal and CV outcomes in IDNT: amlodipine vs irbesartan,Amlodipine较好,Irbesartan较好,Irbesartan,研究终点,事件数 / 患病人数,危险比 (95%可信区间),P,Amlodipine,Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 2001;34
14、5:851-60. Berl T et al. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:542-9.,0.001 0.07 0.80 0.16 0.07 0.17 0.004,联合使用作用于血管的降压药物 The ACCOMPLISH and ASCOT trials,CCBs vs. 利尿剂/阻滞剂: 致死性与非致死性脑卒中,0,1,2,3,MIDAS/NICS/VHAS STOP2/CCBs NORDIL INSIGHT ALLHAT/Amlodipine ELSA CCBs without CONVINCE p = 0.68 CONVINCE All CCBs p = 0.39,
15、15/1358 237/2213 196/5471 74/3164 675/15255 14/1157 1211/28618 118/8297 1329/36915,19/1353 207/2196 159/5410 67/3157 377/9048 9/1177 838/22341 133/8179 971/30520,10.2% (4.8) 2p = 0.02,7.6% (4.4) 2p = 0.07,CCBs较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂,试验,事件数 / 研究对象人数,异质性检验,危险比 (95%可信区间),差别 (SD),CCBs,Staessen JA, et al. L
16、ancet 2001;37:1305-15. Staessen JA et al. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-76.,0,1,2,3,UKPDS STOP2/ACEIs CAPPP ALLHAT/Lisinopril ANBP2 All ACEIs p = 0.16,17/358 237/2213 148/5493 675/15255 107/3039 1184/26358,21/400 215/2205 189/5492 457/9054 112/3044 994/20195,10.2% (4.6) 2p = 0.03,ACEIs vs. 利尿剂/阻滞剂: 致死性与非
17、致死性脑卒中,ACEIs较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂,试验,事件数 / 研究对象人数,异质性检验,危险比 (95%可信区间),差别 (SD),ACEIs,Staessen JA, et al. Lancet 2001;37:1305-15. Staessen JA et al. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-76.,16/1358 154/2213 157/5471 61/3164 1362/15255 17/1157 1767/28618 166/8297 1933/36915,16/1353 179/2196 183/5410 77/3157 798/904
18、8 18/1177 1271/22341 133/8179 1404/30520,4.5% (3.9) 2p = 0.26,1.9% (3.7) 2p = 0.61,MIDAS/NICS/VHAS STOP2/CCBs NORDIL INSIGHT ALLHAT/Amlodipine ELSA CCBs without CONVINCE p = 0.38 CONVINCE All CCBs p = 0.14,0,1,2,3,CCBs vs. 利尿剂/阻滞剂: 致死性与非致死性心肌梗死,CCBs较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂,试验,事件数 / 研究对象人数,异质性检验,危险比 (95%
19、可信区间),差别 (SD),CCBs,Staessen JA, et al. Lancet 2001;37:1305-15. Staessen JA et al. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-76.,UKPDS STOP2/ACEIs CAPPP ALLHAT/Lisinopril ANBP2 All ACEIs p = 0.26,46/358 154/2213 161/5493 1362/15255 82/3039 1805/26358,61/400 139/2205 162/5492 796/9054 58/3044 1216/20195,3.3% (4.0) 2p
20、= 0.39,0,1,2,3,ACEIs vs. 利尿剂/阻滞剂: 致死性与非致死性心肌梗死,利尿剂/阻滞剂,试验,事件数 / 研究对象人数,异质性检验,危险比 (95%可信区间),差别 (SD),ACEIs,ACEIs较好,利尿剂/阻滞剂较好,Staessen JA, et al. Lancet 2001;37:1305-15. Staessen JA et al. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-76.,收缩期高血压患者联合治疗防止心血管事件 Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through COMbination Therapy in Pat
21、ients LIving with Systolic HypertensionACC 2008, Chicago,ACCOMPLISH 假设,ACCOMPLISH 验证一种新的高血压治疗策略 ,比较在试验开始即使用固定剂量联合治疗方案的疗效;贝那普利和氨氯地平联合较贝那普利和HCTZ(氢氯噻嗪)联合可以减少高血压高危患者心血管发病率和病死率15,Jamerson KA et al. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(part2)193A.,ACCOMPLISH: 试验设计,*受体阻滞剂; 受体阻滞剂; 可乐定; ( 袢利尿剂)。,14天,1个月,2个月,5年,筛选,氨氯地平 5
22、mg + 贝那普利 20 mg,随机,贝那普利 40 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg,贝那普利 40 mg + HCTZ 25 mg,自主增加抗高血压药物*,3个月,自主增加抗高血压药物*,氨氯地平 5 mg + 贝那普利 40 mg,氨氯地平10 + 贝那普利 40 mg,贝那普利 20 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg,BP140/90 mmHg; 糖尿病或肾功能不全患者强制增加药物剂量达到130/80 mmHg,1天,Jamerson KA et al. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(part2)193A.,ACCOMPLISH: SBP,mmHg,Month,5
23、731 5387 5206 4999 4804 4285 2520 5709 5377 5154 4980 4831 4286 2594,Patients,ACEI / HCTZ N=5731,CCB / ACEI N=5709,*Mean values are taken at 30 months FU visit,129.3 mmHg,130 mmHg,Difference of 0.7 mmHg p0.05*,DBP: 71.1,DBP: 72.8,Jamerson K. ACC 2008, Chicago.,ACCOMPLISH: 血压控制率 (140/90),ACEI / HCTZ
24、N=5731,控制率 (%),CCB / ACEI N=5709,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,随访30个月时 P0.001,Jamerson K. ACC 2008, Chicago.,ACCOMPLISH: 主要终点Kaplan Meier分析,累计事件发生率 (%),HR (95% CI): 0.80 (0.72, 0.90),CV事件/死亡发生时间 (天),P = 0.0002,650,526,Jamerson K. ACC 2008, Chicago.,ACCOMPLISH: 主要终点及组成,复合CV发病率/死亡率 心血管死亡率 非致死性心梗 非致死性中风 不
25、稳定心绞痛住院 冠状动脉成形术 猝死复苏成功,主要终点发生率, 2008-3-24统计分析 (按治疗分组),危险比 (95%),CCB / ACEI较好,0.80 (0.720.90) 0.81 (0.62-1.06) 0.81 (0.63-1.05) 0.87 (0.67-1.13) 0.74 (0.49-1.11) 0.85 (0.74-0.99) 1.75 (0.73-4.17),ACEI / HCTZ较好,Jamerson K. ACC 2008, Chicago.,ASCOT-BPLA:一、二级终点,0.50,0.70,1.00,1.45,主要终点 非致死性MI(包括症状MI)+致死
26、性冠心病 次要终点 非致死性MI(除外无症状MI)+ 致死性冠心病 总的冠心病终点事件 总的心血管病事件和操作 总死亡率 心血管病死亡率 致死性和非致死性脑卒中 致死性和非致死性心力衰竭,2.00,Unadjusted Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.90 (0.79-1.02)0.87 (0.76-1.00) 0.87 (0.79-0.96) 0.84 (0.78-0.90) 0.89 (0.81-0.99) 0.76 (0.65-0.90) 0.77 (0.66-0.89) 0.84 (0.66-1.05),Dahlf B et al. Lancet 2005:366;89
27、5-906.,氨氯地平 培哚普利较好,阿替洛尔 苄氟噻嗪较好,近年来,血管研究领域的一个主要进步是,不仅评估管腔内的病变如斑块,也可以准确评估血管壁的结构与功能。 需要加强血管的结构与功能评估,并在选择抗高血压治疗药物时,注意选择使用血管活性降压药物,最大限度地降低心脑血管并发症发生的风险。 降压治疗可以非常显著地降低心脑血管并发症的风险,因此,应积极降压,努力实现降压达标140/90 mm Hg,在高心血管风险患者中,达到130/80 mmHg。 总体而言,CCBs、ACEIs(ARBs)与利尿剂、阻滞剂相比,预防心脑血管并发症的作用差别不大。但不同药物的联合治疗可能有很大差异。氨氯地平与转换酶抑制剂二种不同血管作用机制的药物联合治疗,能够更有效地预防血管性并发症的发生。,Thank you very much !,