1、跨文化交际IINTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION,CHAPTER5 VERBAL COMMUNICATION,Language helps in communicating with people from different background. However we may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. If we select language without being aware of the cul
2、tural implications, we may at least communicate well and at worst sent the wrong language.( Beamer, L. and Varner, I Intercultural communication in the Global Workplace. New York, NY:Teaching objectives:In this part you are expected to understand some commonly observed differences between Chinese an
3、d English verbal communication and learn to make cross-cultural comparisons and analysis in the following aspects.1. cultural differences in the attitude towards voiced and unvoiced communication. 2. cultural differences on the lexical level;3. cultural differences on the syntactical level;4. cultur
4、al differences on discourse level;5. cultural differences on the pragmatic level6. translation problems and language understanding,引言: 各民族的语言是自足的. 处于不同语言世界里的人,即使面对同一个现实面向,也会在描述它时沿着各自的思路,采用不同的策略, 刻画出不同的版本.正如维特根斯坦所言:我的语言就是我的疆界,跨出我生于其中的语言,冒险与隔膜就开始了. 语言与文化紧密相连, 不可分割; 语言是文化的一部分.Culture and language are i
5、ntertwined and are shaping each other. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a massage, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices. Language: a system of arbitrarily chosen, conventionalized, vocal, graphic or gesture symbols serving the needs of communication among the memb
6、ers of a given community.,The power of verbal communication,. cultural differences on lexical level(cases)1. types of lexical meaningWords are the basic units of meaning. Understanding the meaning of words is, therefore critical to the sharing of meanings conveyed in verbal communication. Two types
7、of lexical meaning: Denotation: the conceptual meaning of the word that describes things, events or processes. It is the primary, explicit meaning given in the definition of a word in a dictionary.,2) connotation: refers to the emotional or stylistic associations that a word or phrase suggests in on
8、es mind. It is the implicit, supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word or phrase. Meanings of words are personal. Meanings of words are also culture specific.Cultural differences in denotative meaning:1). Absence of referent in the speaker or listeners language. E
9、ach culture creates vocabulary to describe its unique physical and social environment as well as the activities its people engaged in those contexts. So the absence of certain objects in one culture will naturally results in the absence of the necessary vocabulary to refer to them.),2) overlapping o
10、f denotative meaning In addition to total equivalence of words and absence equivalence in denoting of certain referents, cultures also overlap in the denotation of certain vocabulary.3. Cultural differences in connotative meaning 1) words with same denotation but different connotation. a. color word
11、s b. animal words c. numbers,. Cultural differences on syntactic levelcompare the following two sentences :,1. Keeping a basic balance of international payments is an important condition for achieving sustain and smooth economic developmentLast year, Chinas import increased considerably and its grow
12、th of export was relatively slow, thus results in a fairly huge trade deficit.,2. An important condition for achieving steady economic development is to maintain a basic balance of international payments.Last year imports increased considerably while exports grew relatively slowly, with the results
13、that there was a huge trade deficit.,1. paratactic structure vs. hypotactic structureParataxis: the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.Hypotaxis: depended relation or construction.Examples:1 明早还赶路呢，去睡吧！ Go to bed now as youll set out early to
14、mmorrow.2. 快点！迟到了会埃训的。 Hurry up ! Youll be criticized if you are late.,枯藤，老树，昏鸦，小桥，流水，人家，古道，西风，瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。,Crows hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine-the day is about done.Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream,And on the far bank, a pretty little village.But the tra
15、veler has to go down this ancient road,the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning,trudging towards the sinking sun,farther and farther away from home.,2. Left expansion vs. right expansionExample：中：第二次世界大战后，由于科学和技术发展进入新时期，我们的生后发生了很大变化。英：Our life has been greatly changed thanks to the new age of
16、science and technology since the Second World War.,3. Bamboo structure vs. tree structure s / | NP1 M VP / | / | D N will V NP2 Np3 | | | / / the postman give D N D N | | | | the boy a parcel, Cultural differences on discourse level,1. Discourse : a piece of speech or writing. It may be as short as
17、an change of greetings, or as long as a lecture or an essay.胡壮麟先生：“语篇指任何不完全受句子与法约束的，在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言”- 语篇的衔接与连贯,People in different cultures show considerable differences in their preference over the ways a spoken or written discourse is organized or delivered.In this section, we will approach the
18、discourse differences between English and Chinese from the perspective of form, style and organization with a focus on the written discourse in the two languages.,2. Coherence & Cohesion Coherence: unbroken movement. (A writer or speaker is like a pianist who hopes to play a composition from beginni
19、ng to the end without stopping. He /she tries to move smoothly in presenting his or her main ideaCohesion : the means to achieve coherence.,Coherence & Cohesion are the natural or reasonable connection in thoughts and words that results from the presentation of all parts in logical relations whereas
20、 cohesion is the means to achieve coherence.所谓的信息自然合理的链接，其自然性与合理性源于对信息有逻辑性的编排与组合。我们通常把衔接与连贯相提并论是因为二者自身关系密不可分，衔接是达成连贯的手段。Grimes （格莱姆斯）在语篇经纬中指出：衔接是使正在说的内容与已经说过的内容具有联系。他认为：“衔接关系是累进的，直线的，包括如何保持已知信息和引入信息的方法”。,3. Different emphasis on form 3.1 English speaker or writer uses the techniques of transition, r
21、epetition, parallel structures etc. to hold the sentences and paragraphs together and at the same time create a strong unity of ideas.eg.(.)Comparatively speaking, Chinese writing put more emphasis on the connection of meaning between sentences and paragraphs; the formal connection could be overlook
22、ed if meaning is well expressed. (lies in meaning between lines.),e.g. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光绮丽。The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 人言鼎沸Many people talked together and the noise is like the bubbling of water boiling in a cauldron.,
23、3.2 “reader responsible” vs. “writer responsibleChinese: depends a lot on the context. It is assumed that the reader and the writer have shared knowledge of the context and the background information, so the reader can take the responsibility of finding connections between words and paragraphs.Engli
24、sh: communication between the reader and the writer depends mostly on the language used and linguistic forms.,Discussion : Of studies荀子劝学,4.Different style preference,Chinese : prefer to use descriptive words and phrases, especially four-character idioms, quotations from well-known people, various k
25、inds of figures of speech, to add strength and beauty to their writing.English: simple language and plain style.e.g.,5. Different ways of organization,Chinese : (holistic and cyclical pattern of thinking) approach their themes from general coverage to specific discussions. The most important message
26、 or exposition is not touched upon until all relevant background information is provided.English : (linear and rational way of thinking) do not develop their writing in a round-about way; get to the point at the beginning, starting with the introduction of a topic or thesis, which is developed close
27、ly related supporting details. With the details being logically chained together, the topic or the thesis is proved to be true.,6. Different ways of development,Chinese: develop cyclically, moving in a circle, tending to come back or moving around the first level instead of moving forward to more sp
28、ecific details. It is usually regarded by native speaker as underdevelopment or illogical and confusing.English : tend to accept the direct but particularistic approach and their emphasis is on specification rather than generality.,Chinese : more subjective in presenting views; not skillful in prese
29、nting their points with statistics or evidence;English : are required to present views objectively and support views with information of facts, evidence, data etc.,Chinese: like to resort to the review by history instead of directly developing the topic; English : do not usually talk about history a
30、nd give comparison of the past.,Chinese : prefer parallel structures in a way of word form, phrase and sentence form.English : dot not normally use it as the key structure in the whole paragraph in a repetitive ways to develop the sentence.,Electricity has been playing an important role in many aspe
31、cts ever since its discovery. Before the discovery people had been living in the darkness, without modern electric light, radio, washing machines, videos and computer. Now, we are enjoying everything the world could offer. It is electricity that drives away the darkness, modernizes our industry, acc
32、elerates the farmer productive process and dramatizes our present lives.,Electricity has played an important role in many aspects ever since its discovery. It has modernized our country and developed our economy, making our industry stronger and producing more profit. Besides, it has improved our ag
33、riculture of production. With electricity, we can save labor and raise productivity. We can see that 20% of farm hands left their farm lands and now are working in the factories. Most of all, electricity changes our daily life. Now people use washing machines to wash clothes, electric lights to ligh
34、t the room, computers to do the word processing, research, computation and designing. It is hard to imagine what our life would be if there was no electricity.,Taking part in sports can also help improve study efficiency. It can give a rest after a days hard work. It can make you relax when you feel
35、 tired and broken-down. It can relieve the pressure you have in study. If you take part in sports regularly, your study efficiency will surely be improved.,Taking part in sports can also help improve study efficiency. One study shows that people take regular exercise suffer less from anxiety and able to work harder. According to a medical report, 83% of the freshmen who had trouble with studies were in bad physical shape. When they put into a physical fitness program, their grades picked up more or less.,
