1、动词不定式动词不定式一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory!注注 ： 在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行 it代替主语，而把不定式后置：Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注注 ： 这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：It took us five hours to get there
2、.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.注注 ： 不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由 “ for + 名词词组 ” 来表示，如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.注注 ： 某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组 ” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very n
3、ice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.削足适履2主语是以 aim, duty,
4、hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.My suggestion is to start work at once.What I would suggest is to start work at once. 三、不定式结构作动词宾语三、不定
5、式结构作动词宾语1 “动词动词 + 带带 to 的不定式结构的不定式结构 ”。这类动词常见的有： afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.I
6、 didnt expect to find you here.2 “动词动词 + 疑问词疑问词 + 带带 to 的不定式结构的不定式结构 ”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有： tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。疑问词（也称连接代 /副词）有： what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（ why 除外），如：I dont
7、 know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注 ： 如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They foun
8、d it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 ： 不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语 , 只有在个别场合 , 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如：He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.她除了唱歌之外 , 什么都会做。 He will do anything for you except lend you m
9、oney.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！注意不定式符号的省略问题！ 五、不定式结构作状语五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示 目目的、原因、结果、条件的、原因、结果、条件 等。1表示目的：表示目的：They ran over to welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.注：注： 为了强调表示
10、目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：He came here in order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.He went early in order not to miss the train.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注：注： 表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in
11、 order，但却不可以加上 so as ，如：To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)To get the best results, use clean water. 2. 表示结果：表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型 ： s
12、o as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注意：注意： 下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：Im only too glad to go. (= Im very gl
13、ad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 极极 ; 非常非常 ; 太太 ;很很 3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.She seemed surprised to meet us.六
14、、不定式结构作宾语补足语六、不定式结构作宾语补足语Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.Did you see a young man enter the house?1只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： 表示 “希望 ”“愿望 ”等心理状态的动词，如： wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。What do you desire me to do?The director preferred her to a
15、ct the old lady. 含有 “让 ”“允许 ”“促使 ”“致使 ”等祈使意义的动词，如： let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。We mustnt let this happen again.His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有 “请求 ”“恳求 ”等感情色彩的动词，如： ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。He begged me not to tell his father about i
16、t.She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. 含有 “建议 ”“劝告 ”等意义的动词，如： advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。He urged us to accept the compromise.The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. 含有 “命令 ”“强迫 ”“禁止 ”等意义的动词，如： order, command, require, charge, tell, make, force, drive, for
17、bid, warn 等。He required us to keep it a secret.The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.I warn you not to do that again. 其他还有： help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。He promised to teach me to swim.We should train them to make use of reference books.We are
18、waiting for the train to stop.2既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, setDid you see anyone enter the house?Dont imagine yourself to be always corr
19、ect.We find him to be dishonest.He set the boys to carry water.Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.注注 ： 有些动词用 不定式不定式 与用 现在分词现在分词 作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his father talking wi
20、th his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注注 ：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号 to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen toHe observed s
21、omeone open the door.I watched them get into the car.Did you notice him leave the room? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不，也可以不带带 to， 如：Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? 使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为 被动结构被动结构 以后，宾语补足以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，语就成了主语补足语，这时， “to”不可以省略
22、不可以省略 ， 如：The boss made them work from morning till night.They were made to work from morning till night.不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生例如： Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前
23、发生，这个不定式就要用 完成式完成式 ，如：Im glad to have seen your mother.(cf. Im glad to see you. )不定式的完成式不定式的完成式He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)She
24、 seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。不定式的进行式不定式的进行式They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.I
25、 happened to be going that way too.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.I am glad to be working with you. Its nice of you to be thinking of us. 九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She
26、wished to have been training as hard as the others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。般要采用被动形式。十、十、 不定式的被动形式不定式的被动形式It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.He wanted t
27、he letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?She was too young to be assigned such work.不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语 )）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）
