1、Arthrology,Xuegang Luo,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology Xiangya School of Medicine, CSU,P,I. General Description,Archimedes said: Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.,1. Classification of Levers in Movement,1. First class 2. Second class 3. Third class,Atlantooccipital Elbow Ankle
2、,Articulation（joints）,Synarthrosis（immovable articulation） 直接连接（不动关节）,Diarthrosis（movable articulation） 间接连接（可动关节）,Fibrous joints 纤维连结,Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结,Osseous joints 骨性连结,Synovial joints 滑膜关节,2. Classification of the Joint,骨连结（关节）,1. Fibrous Joints,Bones held closely together by fibrous co
3、nnective tissue,II. Synarthrosis,Interosseous membrane of leg,2. Cartilaginous Joints,Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage,Intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Epiphyseal plate,3. Osseous joints,Bones tightly connected by bony tissue,Fibrous Joints,Cartilaginous Joints,Osseo
4、usjoints,III. Synovial Joints,Synovial cavity separates articulating bones,Freely moveable (diarthrosis),Articular SurfaceArticular CapsuleArticular Cavity,1. Essential Structure:,1.1 Articular Surface,Male/FemaleArea difference,1.2 Articular Capsule,Surrounds jointTwo layers:,Fibrous membrane,Synov
5、ial membrane,1.3 Articular Cavity,Magdeburg Hemispheres,Surrounded by synovial membrane and articular cartilage Potential space Synovial fluid filled Negative to the atmosphere pressure,Example of Synovial Joint,2. The accessory structure,Ligaments Articular discs or labrum Synovial fold & bursa,Int
6、racapsular ligaments within capsule,2.1 Ligaments,Extracapsular ligaments outside joint capsule,2.2 Articular discs,Attached around edges to capsule Make the articular surfaces fitting with each other Diminish the shock of the joint,Prolapsed disc,Annulus fibrosus,Nucleus pulposus,Root of spinal ner
7、ve,Spinal cord,2.3 Synovial Bursa,Between skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/boneFluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint cavityReduce friction between moving structures,Saclike structures,3. The movement of synovial joints,Flexion (屈): decreasing the joint angle Extension (伸): increasing the
8、angle Abduction (展): away from median plane of the body Adduction (收): close to median plane of the bodyRotation (旋转): turn the anterior surface to or from the midlineCircumduction (环转): Combination of flexion, extension,adduction and abduction,3.1 Flexion & Extension,Around frontal axis,Dorsiflexio
9、n(Extension) Plantarflexion (Flexion),3.2 Abduction, Adduction,Around Sagittal Axis,3.3 Rotation,Around vertical axis,Pronation (旋前) Supination(旋后),3.4 Circumduction,Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints,The movements of thr
10、ee axis joints,Frontal Axis,Sagittal Axis,Vertical Axis,3.5 Summary,4 Classification of Articulations,4.1 One AxisHinge joint (屈戌关节) 或称为滑车关节Pivot joint （车轴关节） 4.2 Two AxisEllipsoid joint （椭圆关节）Saddle joint （鞍状关节） 4.3 Three AxisBall and socket joint (球窝关节)Planar joint （平面关节）,4.1.1 Hinge Joint,Convex
11、surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd boneMovements produced flexion extensionExamples Knee, elbow, ankle joints,4.1.2 Pivot Joint,Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligamentIt allows only rotation around longitudinal axisExamples Proximal radioulnar jo
12、int Atlanto-axial joint,4.2.1 Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joint,Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depressionBiaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possibleExamples wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5,4.2.2 Saddle Joint,The articular surfaces are saddled-shaped; Biaxial movemen
13、tsExample Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb,4.3.1 Ball and Socket Joint,Ball fitting into a cuplike depression Multiaxial flexion/extension abduction/adduction rotation Examples shoulder joint hip joint,4.3.2 Planar Joint,Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved Side to side movement only rotation
14、 prevented by ligaments Examples intercarpal or intertarsal joints sternoclavicular joint vertebrocostal joints,IV. Shoulder Joint,Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Ball and socket All types of movement,1. Composition,Articular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck Glenoid labru
15、m deepens socket Many bursa nearby the joint (subacromial),2. Structures,3. Ligaments,Associated ligaments and muscles strengthen joint capsule Transverse humeral ligament holds biceps tendon in place,IV. Hip Joint,Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone Ball and socket type of joint All types of m
16、ovement possible,1. Composition,Acetabular labrum Ligament of the head of the femur Articular capsule,2. Structures,3. Ligaments,Dense, strong capsule reinforced by ligaments iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligament One of strongest structures in the body,Tab. 1: Comparison of the Structures between Hip and Shoulder Joints,Joint,SD,Capsule,Lig.,Hip Small dense strong 3 A limited bigger,Stability,Shoulder large loose weak 3 A unlimited smaller,Mov.,Range,Thank you!,
