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英语等级考试语法.ppt

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1、授课计划,总共分为10次课,第一部分语法基础&词汇基础,第一,二,三次课:语法基础内容:时态 ;主谓一致 ; 非谓语动词形式;从句;情态动词;虚拟语气等 第四,五次课:词汇部分,讲词汇短语,强调固定搭配,听力,第六次课:听力部分 听力题型、 解题方法,听力基本内容和关键词 基础材料2上面的听力(13),其余部分学生自己下去听。,阅读理解,第七,八次课:阅读理解阅读的题型,解题技巧,猜词技巧,长句分析。练习:test1-3.后面的学生自己做。,翻译与摘要写作,第九次课: 前半部分讲翻译技巧: 翻译选择和主观翻译题。 后半部分讲摘要写作 Summary writing,应用文写作,第十次课:讲应用

2、文写作applied writing, 强调各种作文格式,考试题型和分值说明:,英语专业考生大学英语总分为120分 非英语专业考生大学英语总分为100分,第一题:听力(短对话5个;长对话2个,5个问题;听短文填空5个单词)共15分,每题1分,第二部分:语法和词汇(10个小题,共10分,全部为选择题),第三部分:阅读理解(共4篇,前两篇为选择题,难度相当于大学英语4级,后面1篇为阅读后回答问题,1篇为阅读填空。)共40分,每小题2分,第四部分:翻译题,翻译选择4个题,8分,主观翻译题7分。 第五部分:写作Task 1 summary writing 10分Task 2 Applied writi

3、ng 10分,附加题:(英语专业学生做)Task1 Close (选择填空) 10个空,10分Task 2 Correction 改错,10个题,10分,整个考试在答卷上需要填涂:英语专业 非英语专业考川外的英语专业的学生需要加试口语,还要看英语成绩。考其他学校英语专业,不加试。,语 法,语法框架:名词:名词的类别;名词的数 冠词:不定冠词,定冠词的用法 形容词,副词:功能;位置;比较级,最高级,代词:人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,疑 问代词,不定代词, 关系代词 数词:基数词,序数词,时间,货币单位表达等 连词:表并列,转折,因果等 介词:介词短语,固定搭配等,动词时态和语态 助动词和情态动

4、词 非谓语动词 虚拟语气,句子成分简单句和并列句 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句,复合句 形容词性从句:定语从句 名词性从句:主、表、宾、同位语从句 副词性从句:状语从句,倒装 直接引语和间接引语 一致关系强调结构,一.典型时态和特殊用法,(动词的)时态,时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为: 现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式,动作发生的方式可分为: 一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来,就构成了以下16种时态形式.,1. 一般现在时 (1). 表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状

5、态, 常与usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year/ once a week, every 3 days等时间状语连用。,He often does his homework by himself.I surf the internet once a week. 一般现在时态的第三人称单数,后面的谓语动词以do为例,要加-s 或-es。,(2). 表示在一个具体的现在时间或最近的行为或动作、状态;e.g. Where is he now?,(3)表示主语当前职业,爱好;特征,性格,能力等e.g.我是一名

6、大学生Im a college student.He has great concern for others.,(4). 表示客观规律或科学真理、格言, 以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.Japan lies to the east of China.,2. 一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用。He will go to London tomorrow.I shall not be free tonight.,( 第一人称后接“ shall +动词原

7、形, 第二,三人称后接will+动词原形 在美国英语中则不论是第几人称,一律后接will+动词原形) 看资料p 2:一般将来时:,常用来表示将来时的结构包括: 1) be going to + 动词原形:(计划)打算做。 2)(资料),3) 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作用一般现在时,由when, as soon as, before, after, as, until等引导的时间状语从句以及由if, unless, as long as, in case等引导的条件状语从句不能直接用将来时态,遇此情况英语习惯上用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:,趁早动手,免得忘了。误:Do it bef

8、ore you will forget.正:Do it before you forget.,我到达那儿后就给你写信。误:Ill write to you after I will get there.正:Ill write to you after I get there.,如果他来,请告诉我一声。误:In case he will come, let me know. 正:In case he comes, let me know. 练习题66,4) be doing 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常与go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, r

9、eturn, come, move等表位移(趋向)的动词连用,5) be about to + 动词原形:即将或正要去做某事,通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用。be to + 动词原形:预定要做,3(资料5)一般过去时: 1)表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。.常与过去时间时间状语:yesterday, last Monday, the other day, 2 days ago, long before, the next day, then等连用。,他两年前买了这辆车He bought the car two years ago. 他刚才还在这儿呢!He was h

10、ere just now.,你小时候住在那儿?Where did you live when you were young?,不规则动词: 资料原形 过去式 过去分词hang hanged hanged(绞死)hung hung (悬挂)lie lay lainlay laid laidbind bound boundwind wound woundgrind ground groundcost cost cost,2) 在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。He said when she came he would tell her.,4. (资料没有)现在进行时构成形式:be+ ving

11、( 现在分词) 第一人称单数:am + 现在分词 第三人称单数:is + 现在分词 其余人称:are + 现在分词,1. 表示现在 (说话瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作。He is reading a newspaper now. 2. 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 (说话时动作不一定正在进行)。What are you doing these days?,3. 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”、“方向”的词。例句 He is coming to see me next week.,5.(资料3)

12、 现在完成时:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例句 Have you had your supper yet? Yes, I have just had it. 主语+ have / has + 过去分词 + 其他成分。,e.g. 我已经学了十年英语了。I have studied English for ten years. 比较:I studied English last year. 是谁把门打开了?( 指看见门开着) Who has opened the door?,2) 现在完成时态的时间状语常用:for 4 years (谓语动词必须是延长性的), so f

13、ar / by now / until present, (到目前为止),since + 过去时间(或过去时态的状语从句) recently, lately (最近), just (刚刚),. He has just come back.( 表示动作现在刚刚完成)She has never called on me since she moved to the country. 注意:just now, ago, 用在过去时态中。 . e.g. I saw him just now,3)资料 4)资料 练习题95,【补充两个重要考点】P2将来完成时态的用法: 说明将来某时刻以前动作完成的情况。

14、e.g. By the end of this year, they will have finished the construction of the road.,He _(learn) English for eight years by the time he _( graduate)from the university next year. (02上海高考题)will have learned; graduates练习题41,模拟1/22,将来进行时态的用法: 表示将来某一具体时刻正在进行的动作、行为。e.g. He will be reading at 8:00am tomorr

15、ow.,6.(资料4) 现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,说话的时候还在进行,而且可能还要继续下去, 通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: All the morning, for hours, since this morning,构成形式: 第三人称单数: has +been+ v +ing (现在分词) 其余人称:have +been+ v +ing (现在分词),他已经等了三个小时了。He has been waiting for three hours.,补充:现在完成进行时与现在完成时的比较: 1. 强调动作还未结束时, 多用现在完成进行时;强

16、调动作的结果时, 多用现在完成时。 2. 有些动词不能用在现在完成进行时中,但可用在现在完成时中。如:have, love, see等。,例句:She has had a cold for a week.They have loved each other for three years.I have seen this movie.,6. 过去完成时: 资料p3/ 6 补充例句:The boy told the police that he had seen someone steal a bike.,我们到火车站时,火车已经开走了。The train had left before we

17、got to /arrived at the station. 练习题59,7.其它要注意的时态 1) 过去将来时: a. 由“would+动词原形”构成,主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情(尤其用于宾语从句中): e.g. 他告诉我们他会帮助我们。 He told us he would help us.,b. 用was (were) going to表示。表示过去某时准备做某事: e.g. Marsha was going to stay with us. 练习题48,2) 过去进行时 资料P4 /2),3),16种时态形式 (以do为例):,一 般 一般现在时 do / does

18、一般过去时 did 一般将来时 will do 过去将来时 would do,进 行 现在进行时 is /am/are doing 过去进行时 was/ were doing 将来进行时 will be doing 过去将来进行时 would be doing,完 成 现在完成时 have/has done 过去完成时 had done 将来完成时 will have done 过去将来完成时 would have done,完 成 进 行 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 过去完成进行时 had been doing 将来完成进行时 will have been doi

19、ng 过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing,【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), do/ does, have /has, shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。,补充:被动语态,被动语态the Passive Voice是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受着,便于论述客观事实,常用于科技文章,新闻报道等,基本结构 :be+动词的过去分词,被动语态 以see为例,一般现在时 see / sees am( is, are) +seen 一般过去时 saw was(were)+seen 一般将来时 will (shall) +see

20、will(shall)+be+seen,过去将来时 would (should) +see would (should) +be +seen 现在进行时 am (is, are) + seeing am (is, are)+ being +seen,过去进行时 was (were) +seeing was (were) +being +seen 现在完成时 have (has) +seen have (has)+ been +seen,过去完成时 had+seen had+been+seen 含情态动词 情态动词+see 情态动词+be+seen,被动语态没有将来进行时,过去将来进行时和完成进

21、行时形式,Computers are widely used in the world. The car was seriously damaged. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The question is being discussed at the meeting.,Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed. 会议已经被推迟了 The meeting has been put off. By the time of last month, he had been robbed three times.,Hurr

22、y up, or the tickets will have been sold out by the time we get there. Water mustnt be wasted.,If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.资料p4/ 8,9,10,11,12练习题:70模拟1/ p3/35; 模拟2/ p9 / 16,II. 主语和谓语一致的重点,1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定

23、式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。,e.g. To get a satisfactory job is not easy now. What you said is true. Writing stories and articles is what I enjoy most. 练习题81,2. 事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 如: the United StatesThe New York Times 纽约时报the Netherlands 荷兰,The United Nations is a world orga

24、nization. The Arabian Nights is an interesting book.(一千零一夜) The United States was founded in 1776.,* ( 表示群岛,山脉等,以“s” 结尾的专有名词往往用复数形式,谓语动词用复数。) The Alps are in Europe.,3. 表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词。如: Two hundred pounds is nothing for me. Thirty minutes is sufficient for me.Another five weeks

25、 is necessary for us to finish the work.,4. 通常以“-ics” 结尾的表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 Physics was the only course she failed in.(学科通常作单数看待。如:politics, economics, physics,electronics电子学),5. 看资料 A love letter, together with some flowers, was sent to her on the Valentines Day. I think Tom, rathe

26、r than you, is to blame.,6. 看资料 Neither of them is correct. No one except my parents knows anything about it. Everything is going well. 万事如意,有人在吗? Is anyone here? 有人把钥匙丢了。 Somebody has lost his keys. 练习题18,7. 看资料 No teacher and no student was present.Many a student and teacher has seen the film. 练习题

27、12,More than one worker has been dismissed. ( more than one, many a ,尽管从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词用单数形式。) (2)5/p28/21题,His warmest admirer and severest critic is his wife. ( 并列主语指同一人),8. 用and, both.and, both,(a) few, many, several等谓语动词用复数。如: Few people know it. Many are called but few are chosen.,Both rice and c

28、otton grow in abundance in this part of China.中国这一地区盛产大米和棉花。,9. 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人谓语动词用复数。 如: The aged suffer from various miseries in this country. The young are mostly ambitious.,In that country, the rich become richer, the poor become poorer. 78题,10,11,12,13 看资料练习题47. 真题4 / 24,14. 补充例句,Four-fifths

29、of the crop was ruined. Only 30% of the work was done yesterday. There is plenty of water in the lake.There are plenty of books in the library.,15. 补充例句,His family are all against him. The whole family is watching TV now. (这类集体名词前如有whole修饰,往往表示整体,谓语动词用单数),* 有些集体名词如: cattle, people, police, youth等,一般

30、只当复数看待,谓语动词用复数。 如: The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.,The public are generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims. 89题,16. 看资料 练习题:94,VIII. 倒装语序,基本语序: 主语 + 谓语,He knew no one in Paris.倒装有两种情况:1). 部分倒装 Never have I seen him before.2). 全部倒装

31、 In came the headmaster.,1完全倒装,1). Here, There, Now, Out, In, Up, Down, Away, Off, Then在等副词开头的句子 全倒装。如: Down came the bird. / Here comes the bus.,There goes the bell. Out rushed the teacher. Then came a new difficulty. Now comes your turn.,注意:如果主语是代词就不倒装。,如: Here you are. There he comes. Out it come

32、s.,2). 表语(介词短语)+ 系动词 + 主语In the corner was a table.Around his head was a brown snake. 强调表语时使用,3). 状语(介词短语)+ v. + S.,On the wall hangs an old jacket,2. 部分倒装,1) 资料p16 / 2.Only, Often, Many a time等在句首,部分倒装。如: Many a time has he helped us. / Only by doing so can we solve the problem.,Only in this way ca

33、n you work out the problem. only +主语/宾语时不倒装 Only I realized the significance of the danger then.,3.肯定重复倒装用so; 否定重复倒装用nor, neither, no more。,so、neither/nor引起的句子表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人) 如:I like fish. So does my brother. He likes rice very well. So do I.,I have never been abroad. Neither has he. Tom can not

34、 speak French. Nor (Neither) can Jack.,否定副词在句首,部分倒装(资料4) 分类讲解:,1) never, seldom, little, nowhere, not, hardly, scarcely 等词位于句首时 : Never have I seen him before.Seldom do we go out.Little does he know what trouble he is in.,2 ) No soonerthan、 Hardly when、Scarcely when位于句首Hardly had they gone out of th

35、e classroom when it began to rain.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.,3). not until ( so .that.) 位于句首Not until yesterday did I know the news.So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. (真2/ p12/24),4) Not onlybut also连接两个句子时Not only was there no electricity

36、at that time but also (there was) no water in the area. Not only is he an actor but also (he is) a writer.,5). prep. + no + n. 位于句首By no means can teaching be separated from practice.At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,5. 资料5 6.用于让步状语从句中(由某些连词连接的): 如 as. (As 引导的让步状语从句):如: Brave as (或though) they are, they are afraid of fight. (他们虽然很勇敢,但害怕斗争),Old as he was, he insisted on going with us. 尽管他努力工作,可还是失败了 Hard as he worked, he failed. Child as he is , he knows a lot about the world.,练习38题,39题,(58题),68题,87题,真题3/ 22题, 4/ 22,

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