1、大学英语四六级写作技巧解析,I. Brief Introduction to CET4/CET6 II. Contents III. Writing (samples),I. Brief introduction,考试时间: 125分数: 710成绩报告单:220 口语报考资格:550六级报考线: 425,II. Contents,Listening comprehension 35%(248.5) Reading comprehension 35%(248.5)(fast reading + reading in depth) Cloze 10%(71) Translation 5%(35.
2、5) Writing 15%(106.5),III. Writing,写作部分考核的技能 作文评分标准 写作步骤及时间分配 写作要点及技巧 历年真题范文解析 预测作文及解析,1. 写作部分考核的技能,A 思想表达1 表达中心思想2 表达重要或特定信息3 表达观点、态度等 B 篇章组织4 围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点5 连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C 语言运用6 运用恰当的词汇7 运用正确的语法8 运用合适的句子结构9 使用正确的标点符号10 运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D 写作格式11 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式,2. 评分标准,1.作文满
3、分为15分。 2. 阅卷标准分为五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。 3.评分标准：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子有错误，且多数为严重错误5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯、但有少量语言错误14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 （注：字数不足应酌情扣分。白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个鼓励的词而无表达思想，则给0分。）,写作的标准分换算法 标准分=得分*10*0.15 （ 得分范
4、围29分-71分）29分 （标准分43.5）-跑题或未答 33分（标准分49.5）-条理不清、思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 39分（标准分58.5）-基本切题。表达思想不清楚连贯性差。有较多严重的语言错误。 45分（标准分67.5）-基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 57分（标准分85.5）-切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 67分（标准分100.5）-切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺。连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 71分为最高分（标准分106.5） 文字不足酌情扣分：100-
5、119扣1分；90-99扣3分；80-89扣4分；70-79扣5分；60-69扣6分；50-59扣7分；不足50扣9分。,3. 写作步骤及时间分配,Step 1：构思（to think and make a brief outline ） less than 5 mins Step 2: 写作（to write） 20-25 mins Step 3: 检查（to check） less than 5 mins,Notice: Dont make a draft.Write clearly and neatly. Good handwriting will earn you reward sco
6、res.,4. 写作要点及技巧,文章结构突出主题 （开头句）主题句和扩展句段落的展开 a. 段落一致性b. 段落连贯性（关联词）万能句,文章结构1. 四级写作一般以三段式展开，题目要求中通常包含三个要点，每个要点为一段（记住，一定要分段），第一段提出问题，第二段分析问题，第三段解决问题。 2. 总的来说有三点要注意： 1）开篇就得点题。 2）中间段阐述必须清楚。 3）结尾段进行总结，并提出解决问题的方法。,突出主题（不拐弯抹角）常见的开头的写作方法大致有下面几种： 1. 引述名言谚语 2. 对比，比较 3. 提出一个问题 4. 数据引证（一般用在看图作文中） 5. 陈述现状,引述名言谚语 e.
7、g. (1) As the old saying goes:“ Knowledge is power.“ The main way for us students to gain knowledge is from the books. So some students argue that we should read extensively. (2)It is well known to us all that “.“ 2. 对比，比较 e.g. (1) Some people say ., while others claim that . (2) Some people believe
8、., but others argue that. (3) Old people often feel that., but for the young, it is 3. 提出一个问题 e.g. (1) Should the Spring Festival Gala be cancelled ? Different people have different answers. (2) Misunderstanding is inevitable in communications. If such misfortunes occurs, what is your response? Here
9、 are some tips for you to treat it in a proper way.,4. 数据引证（一般用在看图作文中） e.g. (1) As we can see in the charts(柱状图，圆形百分比图)，the number of Chinese people who go abroad has increased greatly between 1992 and 2002. (2) The figures in this graph（曲线图）show us that. (3) According to the graph, we can find that
10、. (4) It can be seen from the table（图表，表格）that. 5. 陈述现状 e.g. (1) With the rapid development of., the interview is becoming more and more important in job-hunting. (2) Because of the development of., great changes have occurred in the educational system of China. (3) In recent years cheating in CET4
11、still prevails among the college students. （近几年里四级考试舞弊现象在大学生中仍然很普遍。） (4) It is well-accepted that nowadays dishonesty is a common phenomenon in society. (人们都意识到现今社会中普遍存在不诚实的现象),主题句和扩展句,1. 主题句必须是个完整的句子，与文章主旨密切相关。 2. 主题句一般是general sentence，内容明确、具体。 3. 主题句内涵要广，便于展开细节论述。 4. 扩展句是段落的主干部分，是对主题句的中心思想的详细解释，它
12、的特点是 a. 清晰详实；b. 条理分明；c. 内容一致。e.g. 主题句为：Cell phone is one of the most popular means of communication. 那么接下来的扩展句应该要紧跟这个中心意思，有条理地进行阐述： （扩展句1）People make use of it to make an appointment, take a message for others, discuss a question and so on. （扩展局2）People even use it to have a meeting or give a notice
13、.,段落的展开,1. 段落一致性 e.g. However, fake commodities are extremely harmful to consumers as well as to the whole society. First of all, fake commodities may cause losses to consumers. Meanwhile, fake commodities may harm peoples health, sometimes even lives. And in the 1998 fatal alcohol poisoning case in
14、 Shanxi Province, for example, a peasant produced “alcohol“, dreaming of becoming rich overnight; which, with 27 people killed and about 700 poisoned, caused great sufferings to the victims and shocked the whole country as well. Therefore, it is really high time we took action to crack down on the p
15、roduction and sale of fake commodities.,2. 段落连贯性,e.g. It is known to us all that modern transportation plays an important role in our life. In the past people used to suffer a great deal if they had to make a long journey or convey some heavy goods, the fact is that the transport means at that time
16、was simple and rare. Today, various vehicles, ships and airplanes have enabled us to go wherever we like to. Not only does modern transportation bring people much convenience, but is also frees people from the hard work of conveyance. What is more important is that modern transportation has saved mu
17、ch of our time so that we can do more work and learn more knowledge.,关联词分为五类：1. 列举类first(ly), second(ly),. finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; whats more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at) las
18、t; then; next; last but not the least 2. 举例类for example; for instance; such as; like; take.for example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular 3. 比较和对比but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conve
19、rsely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with. 4. 因果类 as a result; since; because (of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently 5. 总结类 i
20、n this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up,段落的连贯性,万能句型,1）第一段： （1）现状说明：“用于文章开头的语句” 1. When asked about./ When it comes to./ Faced with. most/many people believe that ., but other people consider it differently/ regard it as. 2. When it comes to ., peoples opinions differ. Som
21、e hold the opinion that ., while others claim that . 3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role/ view/ idea of Some people claim that ., while others believe that 4. There is a general discussion today about the problem/ issue of Those who criticize . argue that They believe th
22、at . But people who advocate ., on the other hand, argue that 5. Now, it is generally acknowledged that ., but I doubt whether ,（2) 图表描述：“用于描写图片或数据的语句” 1. In 1990, it increased/decreased from . to . 2. By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by 3. The figure has nearly doubled, compared with
23、/ as against that of last year. 4. It has increased/ decreased almost twice/ six times, compared with . 5. It accounts for/ takes up. percent of the total.(占的比例),2）第二段： （1）原因列举：“用于解释原因的语句” 1. The phenomenon/change in . mainly results from the fact that . 2. One may regard the phenomenon as a .sign o
24、f./ response to. 3. There are many causes/ reasons for this dramatic growth/decrease. First, . Second, . Finally, . 4. A number of factors can account for the change in . 5. Why do people .? For one thing, . for another, ./ One reason is. Another is. Perhaps the primary reason is ,（2）观点陈述：“用于比较、驳斥的语
25、句” I用于比较的语句 1. The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B. 2. Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it .; for another, it 3. Although A has enormous/ much/ considerable/ a distinct advantage over B ., it can not compete with B in .,II用于驳斥的语句1. Although a lot of peop
26、le believe that ., I doubt/ wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/ close examination 2. As opposed to widely held ideas, I believe/ think/ argue that . 3. Although the popular belief/ idea is that ., (a) current study/ survey indicates that . 4. They may be right about ., but they seem to
27、neglect/ fail to mention/ consider the fact that . 5. Although it is widely accepted that ., it is unlikely to be true that .,3）第三段：结束语：“用于文章结尾的语句”1. From what has been discussed above/ Taking into account all these features/ Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely draw the conclusion that
28、2. All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that 3. It is (high) time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of 4. There is little doubt/ no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of 5. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation
29、,5.历年真题范文解析,Online Shopping (2011.6)How should Parents Help Children to Be independent?(2010.12)Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling (2010.6)Creating a Green Campus (2009.12)Free Admission to Museums (2009.6)Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008.12)Recreational Activities (2008.6),D
30、irections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Online Shopping . You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 我的建议,2011年6月四级真题,Recently, we have experienced a flood of online shopping websites in our daily
31、 life. The number of people who choose to shop online is on the rise. There is no doubt that shopping on the internet has been a fashion especially among the youths. Obviously, Shopping on the Internet has opened up numerous benefits to us. To begin with, as is known to all, it is more convenient as
32、 online shopping offers us an extensive range of selection. Whats more, with online purchasing we can find radically lower prices and cheapest deals. However, on the other hand, the risks of online shopping can never be ignored. Firstly, it goes without saying that given the lack of ability to inspe
33、ct merchandise before purchase, consumers are at higher risk of fraud. In the second place, merchants also risk fraudulent purchases using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase. In view of current situation, I hold the viewpoint that the government has the responsibili
34、ty not only to lay down the effective laws and regulations to supervise this new industry, but also to help the public be more sensible. Only by this way, can online shopping make our society much more harmonious.,Online shopping,点评（1）开门见山，指出现象（越来越多的人喜欢 网购） （2）进一步说明网购已成为时尚。（3）介绍网购的好处优点1优点2（4）网购的弊处缺点
35、1缺点2（5）提出自己的建议,对比型议论文模板 One of the controversial issues today is _. According to a recent survey, _. In this essay, I will discuss the positive and negative effects of this issue and offer my own view on it. On the positive aspect, one of the most significant advantages is that _(优点一). Moreover, _(优
36、点二). Perhaps the primary advantage is that _.(优点三) On the negative aspect, for one thing, _.(缺点一) For another, _.(缺点二) As far as Im concerned, the benefits of _(主题) greatly outweigh its drawbacks. We should make better use of _(主题) and bypass its negative effects.,2010年12月四级真题 Part I Writing (30 min
37、utes) Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该,写作思路分析：第1种结构：第一段：背景和危害 第二段：解决 第三段：展望 (p.s. 这样第二段就是重点)
38、第2种结构第一段：背景 第二段：危害 第三段：解决和展望 (p.s.这样第三段就是重点了。),Recently the issue of how should parents help children to be independent has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. The only child policy has brought a lot of pressure for both parents and children during the past decades. Qui
39、te a lot of parents have done almost everything for their children for the sake of love.It is difficult for these kids to develop and cultivate their character and to be independent with their parents so-called love. They can not survive the future fierce competition owing to the lack of independenc
40、e.A number of solutions can be found for parents to help children to be independent, with the following ones being foremost. Firstly , parents should offer their children more opportunities to come into frequent contact with the society and form their own picture about this world. Secondly, playing
41、and communicating with their peers should be favored by their parents because these activities can develop childrens interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets. Whats more, financial burden, psychological burden and even moderate anxiety can make child
42、ren more fortitude and mature when confronting the difficulties . Only in this way can our future generation shoulder their responsibility.,第1段： 第一句引入论题； 第二第三句背景介绍。,第2段： 说明后果和危害,第3段： 提出三个解决办法； 最后一句展望未来。,How to Solve the Energy Problem,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a
43、short essay on the topic of How to Solve the Energy Problem. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 人类要面临能源危机 有人认为解决能源危机的方法是厉行节约；有人认为开发新的能源是最好办法 我的看法,How to Solve the Energy Problem,(1)When asked about one of the biggest problems today, many people say that an energy
44、crisis is approaching and is threatening mankinds survival. (2)They are afraid that the world is likely to run out oil and metals and to run short of food in the near future.(3)To this problem, most countries respond with the demand for more rigid conservation of our natural resources. (4)Indeed, th
45、is is urgently needed, for the present waste of energy in industrial and personal consumption is so serious that it has become habitual and traditional. (5)If the natural resources are used economically, we can certainly slow down the present drain on the limited energy supply. (6)However, conservat
46、ion alone is not the answer.(7) It is obvious that even if we can save much energy, we can only delay the energy crisis, but cannot solve the problem completely. (8)However abundant certain natural resources may be, they cannot reproduce themselves and are bound to be used up ultimately. (9)So in th
47、e long run we must develop new sources of energy instead of merely conserving the known, limited supplies.(10)Man is highly adaptable and creative, and since he is able to tap such resources as oil and metals, why cant he develop and harness solar energy, nuclear energy and other unknown energy reso
48、urces?,（3）一些国家的解决能源问题的办法（6）转折，引出其他解决办法（9）另一个解决办法就是开发新的能源（10）作者自己的看法。,（1）提出问题 （2）问题的严重性,Directions: For this part，you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Should Class Attendance Be Required? You should write at least 120 words，and base your composition on the outline (give
49、n in Chinese) below: 1）有些人支持在大学里实行上课出勤点名制 2）也有些人认为没有必要实行这种制度 3）我的看法,Should Class Attendance Be Required?,Should Class Attendance Be Required? Nowadays required class attendance is very common at colleges and universities. Most people take it for granted that students should attend all the classes re
50、quired by school. However still some others do not agree with this argument. They dont think it should be compulsory for students to attend class. As for me, Im in favor of the latter opinion. The following reasons can account for my preference. First, the rigid attendance policy does not benefit st
51、udents studies. For example, a student may have to give up a lecture which he finds useful to his studies simply because he dare not run the risk of being penalized for his absence in his course. Second, the lectures of some teachers are not always constructive. A student should be allowed to tell f
52、or himself whether an experience in a class is worthwhile. Finally and most importantly, there is no proof and correlation between class attendance and academic performance. A student may never be absent in a course, but who knows whether or not he is just sitting there daydreaming all the time. In conclusion, class attendance may secure one hundred percent attendance for a course. But it is not really beneficial to us. As college students we should learn to make the right decisions for ourselves about whether to attend a class.,
