1、大学英语四级写作 写作技巧,四级作文写作技巧,1. 结构要清晰2. 文章结构要完整。3. 文章主题不偏离。4. 段落衔接要自然。,1. 结构要清晰。要写出一篇能拿高分的作文，首先要给评阅者以好的印象。 鉴于大学英语四级作文实行总体打分方式，一篇高分作文首先要 结构清晰，这样才能留下好的初步印象。文章框架要合理。树立框架意识，段落安排必须合理，否则即使语言运用得 再好，也很难得高分。一般情况下，四级作文都是由三个段落组 成，有时也可分为四段，其结构和内容必须根据文章主题和提纲 中给出的段落提示来确定，不能随意安排，需做到心中有数。,四级作文写作技巧,My View on Fake Commodi
2、ties,1. 市场上充斥这个好似各样的虚假产品 2.虚假产品造成的危害 3.如何杜绝虚假产品,范文：,首先对比范文：My View on Fake CommoditiesCommodoties are very important in our daily life. We buy them every day. Nowadays there are many fake commodoties on the market. They include daily commodities an dexpensive goods, which are very harmful. They have
3、 done great harm to society mainly in three ways. Fake commodities damage consumers interests. It is a disaster to the original manufacturers.Fake commodities bring great loss to people. it threatens our life. For example, some farmers labored a year without harvesting anything because of false seed
4、s or poor fertilizers and some people lost their lives because of fake wine, or poisonous food. They make the whole society be dishonest.First, the laws can punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, people should protect their own interests and not be led astray by false advertiseme
5、nts. Third, consumers should study how to tell good commodoties from dalse ones.The whole society should pay attention to the problem of fake commodities and fight against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be eliminated from the market in the future.,修改后: My View on Fake CommoditiesNowada
6、ys there are many commodities on the market, including daily commodities and expensive goods. They have done great harm to society in many ways. First of all, fake commodities damage consumers interests, it is a disaster to the original manufacturers. To make things worse, fake commodities bring gre
7、at loss to us and threaten our lives. For example, some farmers labored a year without harvesting anything because of fake seeds or poor fertilizers and some people lost their lives because of fake wine, or poisonous food. The worst of all, they make the whole society be dishonest.There are many eff
8、ective ways to do away with fake commodities. First, the laws can punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, people should protect their own interests and not be led astray by false advertisements. Third, consumers should study how to tell good commodities from fake ones. The whole s
9、ociety should pay attention to the problem of fake commodities and fight against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be eliminated from the market in the future.,【点评】修改前的范文单从语言的运用和句式的变换方面来看没有什么大的问题，仅从框架上看，安排显然不够合理，六个自然段安排随意，主体段落没有展开，段落层次不够分明。修改后的文章是在第一篇文章的基础上修改重组而成，重组后的文章分为三段，段落层次分明，框架清晰合理，
10、其次还修正了之前所出现的一些语法错误及精炼了句型。同样的内容，不同的段落组织却是让人耳目一新。,2. 文章结构要完整。 四级作文题尽管有数字限制，但是它必须是一篇在结构和意义上完整的文章。开头段交代全文主题；中间段围绕全文主题进行论述；结尾段与开头段相呼应，或总结、或建议、或提供解决方案，这三部分缺一不可。,范文1Education and MarketEducation has been brought into focus. Nowadays, as the socialist market economy in China is expanding and becaoming overw
11、helming, education is becoming nore clearly related to the market. Schools, colleges and universities have to find ways to support themselves, while maintaining a high standard of education. The reasons for this phenomenon are varied.First, lack of money plays a very important role. As a developing
12、country, China is not likely to invest a huge amount of money in education in the near future. Moreover, manu chinese people have realized what the students getv through education is an invisible and valuable product. Besides, it is one inevitable result of economic development. Therefore, education
13、 enters the market and stand the test. Universities have to find ways to support their development.,Education and MarketEducation has been brought into focus. Nowadays, as the socialist market economy in China is expanding and becaoming overwhelming, education is becoming more clearly related to the
14、 market. Schools, colleges and themselves, while maintaining a high standard of education. The reasons for this phenomenon are varied.For all these reasons, lack of money plays a very important role. As a developing country, China is not likely to invest a huge amount of money in education in the ne
15、ar future. Moreover, manu chinese people have realized what the students getv through education is an invisible and valuable product. Besides, it is one inevitable result of economic development. Therefore, education enters the market and stand the test.As far as I am concerned, I think the entry of
16、 education into market is in accordance with the law of market economy. Furthernore, it does much good to both the nation and individuals and will lead to a boom in education. In a word, the entry of education into market should be encouraged.,点评：第一篇文章手段指出教育市场化的趋势，第二段分析其原因，从句式和语言运用方面来看基本没有问题，但文章缺少总结
17、性的语言，因而结构显得不够完整。第二篇文章在第一篇文章的基础上增加了结尾段，对自己的观点进行总结，呼应首段的论点，从而使文章结构更加完整。,3. 文章主题不偏离。 全篇文章的各个段落都要为一个中心思想服务，而且每个段落都要围绕一个主题句来展开，如果有游离与中心思想之外的段落或句子则会使文章零散杂乱。另外，句子的结构杂乱也会造成段落松散，从而导致文章主题主题不明确，不知所云，没有重点。,4. 段落衔接要自然。一篇文章必须具有连贯性，段与段之间、句与句之间的衔 接要自然流畅，而这种连贯性既包括意义连贯又包括形式连 贯。前者是指内在的逻辑性，后者是指通过语法和词汇的手 段使语篇衔接。一篇成功的文章是
18、两者的有机结合。要保证文章意义上的连贯，句子的排列应遵循一定的次序 ，在下比之前应该对文章的结构又合乎逻辑的安排，常见的 安排方式有按时间先后排列和按重要性、一般到特殊或特殊 到一般等逻辑关系排列。但如果一篇文章是具有意义上的连 贯，而形式上比较松散，也很难突出主题。为了能够使文章 主题明确、线索明了，句与句之间、段与段之间都需要一定 的连接手段。写作中常用的连接是使用过渡性词语或句子、 利用代词指代上文提到过的事物等。,【例】How to Memorize English Words?When it comes to how to memorize English words, differ
19、ent people will offfer different opinions. Some people take it for granted that college students should learn words in the word list by rote. College students should learn as many nre words as possible. Besides, learning words in the word list can save time and energy, and can bring abour a striking
20、 effect.Many people hold that people should memorize English words through reading. Learning new words one after another may lead to confusion and misundersatnding. And reading can help us in both memorizing words and understanding the context.I am for the latter opinion. Words can be meomorized mor
21、e easily and more firmly in the context. The meaning of each word and be well understood only in the context. Moreover, simply repeating new aords too many times makes us feel dull and boring. Therefore, to learn new words through reading is the best method in learning English words.,【修改后】 How to Me
22、morize English Words?When it comes to how to memorize English words, different people will offfer different opinions. Some people take it for granted that college students shouls learn words in the word list by rote. In their opinion, college students should learn as many new words as possible. Besi
23、des, this method can save time and energy, and can bring abour a striking effect.However, others hold that people should memorize English words through reading. They maintain learning new words one after another may lead to confusion and misundersatnding. And reading can help us in both memorizing w
24、ords and understanding the context.,Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the latter opinion. For one thing, words can be meomorized more easily and more firmly in the context. Moreover, the meaning of each word anc be well understood only in the context. For another, simply repeating new words
25、too many times makes us feel dull and boring. Therefore, as stated above, to learn new words through reading is the best method in learning English words. 【点评】 第一篇文章虽然整体上意思是连贯的，单却忽略了英语作文“形合语言”的特点，很多地方都缺少必要的过渡词语，因而导致文章结构松散，缺乏连贯性，主题不突出，读起来生硬不自然。 第二篇文章在第一篇的基础上加上了必要的过渡词语，这样就成了一片语言流畅，意思连贯的文章。,如何发展段落？1） 段
26、落的构成：一个完整的段落通常有三部分组成：主题句、扩展句、结尾句。而在文章篇幅较小时通常可省略结尾句。段落主题句是段落中概括说明段落中心思想的句子。主题句表明全段是关于描述什么活讨论什么，它的作用是统领全段，对全段进一步论述骑着制约作用。主题句在段落中的位置很灵活，一般而言，主题句出现在段落的开头或者结尾。在四级考试中，建议大家最好还是那主题句放在段落的开头，便于阅卷人员给分。扩展句是段落中担当阐述或发展主题句作用的句子。必须围绕主题句展开。,结尾句是在段落结尾时总结段落主题的句子，可以起到首尾呼应、深化段落中心思想的作用。一般情况下，由于四级作文数字的限制，结尾处往往一句话就结束，所以要求尽
27、量简练。,2）段落的基本特点： 统一性：每个段落只说明一个主题或者中心思想，即扩展句要围绕主题句句展开，这是一个段落的基本要求。 连贯性：段落内部的句子应按照一定的关系凝聚在一起，使段落结构严谨、条理清晰、衔接自然流畅。只有这样，读者才能跟上作者思路，明白要讲的意思。通常，代词和连接词可以使段落连贯，他们充当一个段落的纽带，贯穿始终。 过渡性：一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的前挡过度，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。二过渡性指的就是段落中句子与句子之间有清晰的逻辑关系。,常用的过渡词根据意思和作用的不同，可以分为以下十一类： 1) 表示解释：t
28、herefore, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact; 2)表示强调：如 certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most importantly; 3) 表示限制：如 but, however, although, though, yet, except for; 4) 表示举例。如 for example, for instance, thus, such as; 5) 表示递进或补充。如 in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, yet; 6) 表示顺序。如 at
29、first, first, second, third, firstly, secondly, thirdly, afterward, meanwhile, thereafter, last, fainally,eventually, on the one hand, on the other hand, at the first place, at the second place;,7) 表示比较。如 like, while, in the same way, similarly, equally importamt, too; 8) 表示对比。如unlilke, in contrst,
30、whereas, on the other hand, instend; 9) 表示让步。如 although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly,still, yet; 10) 表示结果。如 therefore, as a result, consequently, then, thereby, thus, hence, so, otherwise; 11) 表示总结。如 to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short, in a word, in the long run, in
31、 summary.,3）段落发展的4种方法：举例法（Example）我们来看下面这个段落是如何用举例法展开的：Television takes away time that should be devoted to homework. When my sister gets home from school, she will immediately flip the television on, leaving her homework for later. When she finally decides to do her homework, the television will re
32、main on, and she will sit on the coach with her books propped up in front of her, giving it only half of her attention. Homework takes longer to complete, and it probably will not be her best work since only half of her attention is focused on.,3）段落发展的4种方法：比较法或对比法我们来看下面这个段落是如何用比较法展开的：These two resta
33、urants do not cater for the same customers. McDonalds is located just off the interstate, so many of their patrons are not local residents. Aside from the over-the-road truck drivers who know the area, most of the Foxs Diners customers are local residents. As well as targeting different customers fr
34、om Foxs Diner, McDonalds also places more emphasis on speed. mcDonalds makes job specialization an integral part of their operation. They crank meals out on an assembly line. They use computers to take orders, automatic timers to asist in cooking, and radio headsets to communicate. Even the color sc
35、heme used by McDonalds promotes speed. Studies show that loud colors like red and yellow increase customer turnover,3）段落发展的4种方法：因果分析法我们来看下面这个段落是如何用因果分析法展开的：Why is California so overcrowded? Probably the biggest reason people live in California is the weather. California is a very desirable place to
36、live in. There is Together, these places offer atmospheric condition for almost everyones taste. Another reason is the different forms of entertainment that are available. 在本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，扩展句则对产生这种现象的原因做出了各种解释。,6. 如何使句式多变化？ A. 增加或者改变句首的状语，改变句子开头。我们平时习惯了传统的英语“主谓宾，定状补”的句子顺序，很少有考生懂得改变一下句首来时句子产生变化。比如说
37、，许多考生在写作过程中习惯用名词和代词来充当句子主语，如Most of people, Students, We, I,They, She等。 请大家对比一下下面的两个句子：People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.第一个句子是一般的陈述句，只是单纯地讲述一个事实。第二个句子则是将一般的陈述句转换成了存在句型，这样既改变了主+
38、谓+宾的传统单调句型，还通过存在句型突出强调句子的意思。事实上，为了把文章写得生动活泼或者需要强调某一成分是，除了用主语开头外，还可以用句子的其他成分开头。比如，,1) 把副词放在句首：She raised her stick to smash in the grinning pumpkin head of the dummy. She was angry.Angrily, she raised her stick to smash in the grinning pumpkin head of the dummy. 2) 把不定式短语放在句首：I talk to the plants eve
39、ry day to make them grow faster.To make the plants grow faster, I talk to them every day.,3) 把介宾短语放在句首：The downpour started. It did this at 4 a.m. It did this all over the province.At 4 a.m., the downpour started all over the province. 4)运用分词短语结构：My brother is intelligent and hard-working; he always
40、 gets number one.Being intelligent and hard-working, my brother always gets number one.,B. 使用倒装结构。英语的基本句子结构是S+V+O。很多学生对于这种传统句型非常忠实，但是如果一篇文章里面基本上使用的都是一样的句型，会让读者感到异常乏味。所以偶尔打破常规，改变一下句子某一成分的位置，不仅可以使句型多样化，还可以表示强调或突出被倒装的部分。所以建议考生掌握并且能熟练使用倒装结构。倒装是大学英语学习中很重要的一种语法结构，若能学以致用，将会在四级考试中收获良多。 一般引导倒装结构的否定词组有以下这些：by
41、 no means, in on way/case, under no circumstance, on no account, not onlybut also, hardly等等。 For example: You cant use the telephone for private matter in any case. In no case cant you use the telephone for private matter.,C. 使用虚拟语气。 D. 使用非谓语动词 E. 变换句子长短一篇文章中如果句子能够长短交织，那么读起来就会抑扬顿挫，是得到更高分数的一个重要方面。要做到
42、这一点，首先要注意不能连续使用一长串的简单句，可以根据这些简单句之间的逻辑关系把他们组合成主从复合句，以此把这些句子改头换面。,例如：The house is old, bare and quiet. It is almost frightening. It has dim lights. The walls are green and shabby. The furniture produce a cold atmosphere that reminds the visitor of ghosts.The house is old, bare, quiet and almost fright
43、ening. Its dim lights, green and shabby walls and black furniture produce a cold atmosphere that reminds the visitor of ghosts.,F. 适当使用被动句替换掉主动句。中文的特点之一就是主动句较多，但是在英文里面刚好相反，更加倾向于使用被动句表客观性。所以在写作过程中使用被动句替换主动句，尤其是那些以We和I开头的句子，不仅更加符合地道的英语表达，也更能客观地表达事实、陈述观点。例如：We should spend more money on protecting our
44、environment form being polluted.More money should be spent on protecting our environment form being polluted.,G. 善于使用插入语。当副词、连接词等充当句子的插入语时，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号，如however, therefore, for exampple, as well, I believethinksee等。例如： Other students, however, hold different opinion that teachers should spend more time doing reaserch job.,
